Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples
"Iranica" redirects here. For other uses, see Iranica (disambiguation).
Encyclopædia Iranica
Author1300 named contributors
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
SubjectIranistics and Greater Iran studies
GenreReference encyclopedia
PublisherEncyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Brill Academic Publishers[1]
Publication date
1985–present
Media type45 hardback volumes planned;
16 volumes or 15 volumes and 6 fascicles as of October 2020.[1]
Websiteiranicaonline.org

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

Scope

The Encyclopædia Iranica is dedicated to the study of Iranian civilization in the wider Middle East, the Caucasus, Southeastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The academic reference work will eventually cover all aspects of Iranian history and culture as well as all Iranian languages and literatures, facilitating the whole range of Iranian studies research from archeology to political sciences. It is a project founded by Ehsan Yarshater in 1973 and currently carried out at Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies.[2][3] It is considered the standard encyclopedia of the academic discipline of Iranistics.[4]

The scope of the encyclopedia goes beyond modern Iran (also known as "Persia") and encompasses the entire Iranian cultural sphere, and far beyond. Relations of the Iranian world with other cultures (China, European countries, etc.) are also covered.[5][6] The project is planning on publishing a total of up to 45 volumes.

Organization

Staff

Ehsan Yarshater was the founding editor of Encyclopædia Iranica from 1973 through 2017. The current editor-in-chief is Elton Daniel. The editorial board includes Mohsen Ashtiany, Mahnaz Moazami, and over 40 consulting editors from major international institutions doing research in Iranian studies.[7] Former long tenured editors include Ahmad Ashraf, Christopher Brunner, Habib Borjian, Kioumars Ghereghlou, Manuchehr Kasheff, Dagmar Riedel and Houra Yavari. A growing number (over 1,300 in 2016) of scholars worldwide have contributed articles to Encyclopædia Iranica.[8]

Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation

In 1990, Ehsan Yarshater established the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation (EIF), which serves to promote the cause of the Encyclopædia Iranica and to ensure its continuation.[9] Over the years, Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies (also founded by Yarshater) continued to coordinate and edit the Encyclopædia, while the EIF substantially sponsored the work.[10]

The foundation provides the full text of many entries (up to fascicle XVI/3) for free on the iranicaonline.org website.

Legal dispute

Following Yarshater's retirement as director of the Center for Iranian Studies in 2016, a dispute began to emerge between Columbia University and the EIF as Columbia unilaterally decided to enter into a contract with Brill, an academic publisher, which subsequently published fascicles 4 and 5 of volume XVI in 2018 and 2019; the EIF protested the move.[11] In 2019, Columbia University sued the EIF, seeking, among other things, a finding that the EIF owns neither a copyright nor an exclusive trademark right in the encyclopedia.[12] EIF countersued alleging that Columbia, as well as Brill and Elton Daniel, breached EIF's copyright in the encyclopedia, infringed, diluted, and counterfeited its trademarks, converted EIF property, and committed various acts of unjust enrichment and unfair competition.[13] On July 31, 2020, the U.S. District Court in the Southern District of New York granted a temporary restraining order against Columbia, Brill and Daniel, enjoining them through October 8, 2020 from publishing additional fascicles.[14] EIF also sought a preliminary injunction against the defendants, but such relief was not entered by the court.[15] Columbia and Brill subsequently published fascicle XVI/6 on October 19, 2020.[16]

As part of the dispute, there are now conflicting accounts as to the current state of the Encyclopædia Iranica. While Columbia has published fascicle XVI/4 through XVI/6, covering topics between "Kešaʾi Dialect" and "Khorsan XIV", by EIF's count volume XVI only covers topics falling alphabetically between KA and KE.[17] EIF considers fascicles XVI/4 through XVI/6 "counterfeit fascicles".[17]

On June 1st 2023 Columbia University and the Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Inc., reached an agreement and resolved all pending litigation between the parties. As a result Columbia University closed the Yarshater Center for Iranian Studies on July 1st 2023, with all the staff laid off.

Reception

Reputation

In a review of Volume III, Richard W. Bulliet calls Encyclopædia Iranica "not just a necessity for Iranists [but] of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East".[18] Ali Banuazizi, though, notes that its focus is on Iran "as perceived, analyzed, and described by its most distinguished, mainly Western, students".[19] In 1998, the journal Iranian Studies devoted a double issue (vol. 31, no. 3/4) to reviews of the encyclopædia, coming to 700 pages by 29 authors on as many subjects.[20] Professor A. Banuazizi, praised that the encyclopaedia "will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise".[21]

Many foundations, organizations, and individuals have supported Encyclopædia Iranica. The encyclopaedia has been sponsored since 1979 by the National Endowment for the Humanities, as well as the American Council of Learned Societies, Union Académique Internationale, Iran Heritage Foundation, and many other charitable foundations, philanthropic families and individuals.[22]

Criticism

On March 25, 2007, the Associated Press released a news report about Encyclopædia Iranica, claiming that it is "U.S.-backed".[23] Encyclopædia Iranica published an official response, saying the report was "inaccurate and libelous", that while the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the encyclopedia, the Endowment is "an independent federal agency whose many projects are reviewed and decided upon by independent panels of scholars", not the U.S. Government, and that only a third of the encyclopedia's budget is supplied by the Endowment, not half, as the Associated Press had claimed.[24]

Volumes

As of July 2015, the online version of the Encyclopædia Iranica has almost 7,300 entries, of which about 1,100 entries are only available on the Internet.[25] The following is a list of printed volumes, current as of October 2020.[25]

Beginning and ending entries Publication year Volume number ISBN
ĀB – ANĀHID 1985 I
ANĀMAKA – ĀṮĀR AL-WOZARĀʾ 1987 II
ĀTAŠ – BEYHAQI 1989 III
BĀYJU – CARPETS 1990 IV
CARPETS – COFFEE 1992 V
COFFEEHOUSE – DĀRĀ 1993 VI
DĀRĀ(B) – EBN AL-AṮIR 1996 VII
EBN ʿAYYĀŠ – EʿTEŻĀD-AL-SALṬANA 1998 VIII
ETHÉ – FISH 1999 IX
FISHERIES – GINDAROS 2001 X
GIŌNI – HAREM I 2003 XI
HAREM I – ILLUMINATIONISM 2004 XII
ILLUMINATIONISM – ISFAHAN VIII 2006 XIII
ISFAHAN IX – JOBBĀʾI 2008 XIV
JOČI – KAŠḠARI, SAʿD-AL-DIN 2011 XV

In addition, the following fascicles of volume XVI have been published:

  • Fascicle 1 (KASHAN – KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD), 2012
  • Fascicle 2 (KAŠŠI, ABU ʿAMR MOḤAMMAD – KÉGL, SÁNDOR), 2013
  • Fascicle 3 (KÉGL, SÁNDOR – KEŠAʾI Dialect), 2013
  • Fascicle 4 (Kešaʾi Dialect – Khavaran-Nama), 2018*
  • Fascicle 5 (Khavaran-Nama – Khomeini), 2019*
  • Fascicle 6 (Khomeini – Khorasan XIV), 2020*

(*) Not recognized by the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, see § Legal dispute.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 See § Legal dispute.
  2. ↑ "Iranicaonline". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  3. ↑ Banuazizi, Ali (1990). "Review of Encyclopædia Iranica by Ehsan Yarshater". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 22 (3): 370–373. doi:10.1017/s0020743800034279. JSTOR 164148. S2CID 163938483.
  4. ↑ "Praise from Scholars Worldwide". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  5. ↑ Boss, Shira J. (November 2003). "Encyclopedia Iranica". Columbia College Today. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  6. ↑ Trompf, Garry W. (2008). "Encyclopedia Iranica - 35: A New Agenda for Persian Studies?". Iran & the Caucasus. 12 (2): 385–395. doi:10.1163/157338408X406137. JSTOR 25597382.
  7. ↑ "About Iranica". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  8. ↑ "Authors". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  9. ↑ "Welcome to Encyclopædia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  10. ↑ "FAQs". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  11. ↑ "The Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Asserts its Ownership of Encyclopædia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  12. ↑ Complaint, The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, No. 19 Civ. 7465 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2019).
  13. ↑ Complaint, Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Inc. v. Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York, No. 19 Civ. 8562 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 14, 2019).
  14. ↑ The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Nos. 19 Civ. 7465 (AT) (KNF), 19 Civ. 8562 (AT) (KNF) (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 31, 2020) (Order on Motion for TRO).
  15. ↑ The Trustees Of Columbia University in the City of New York v. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation, Nos. 19 Civ. 7465 (AT) (KNF), 19 Civ. 8562 (AT) (KNF) (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2020) (Order on Motion for Preliminary Injunction).
  16. ↑ "Encyclopædia Iranica". Ehsan Yarshater Center for Iranian Studies. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation Publishes Volume 16 of Encyclopædia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  18. ↑ Bulliet, Richard W. (1992). "Review of Encyclopædia Iranica by Ehsan Yarshater". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (4): 680. JSTOR 164443.
  19. ↑ Banuazizi (1990), p. 372.
  20. ↑ "Review of the Encyclopedia Iranica". Iranian Studies. 31 (3/4). 1998. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR i401469.
  21. ↑ Banuazizi, Ali (August 1990). "Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I (Āb-Anāhīd) and Vol. II (Ānamaka-Ātār al- Wozarāʾ) (London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985 and 1987). Pp. 1011 and 912, respectively". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 22 (3): 370–373. doi:10.1017/S0020743800034279. ISSN 1471-6380. S2CID 163938483.
  22. ↑ "Sponsors". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  23. ↑ "U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness". CTV. 2007-03-26. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  24. ↑ Ashraf, Ahmad (2007-04-05). "Official response of the Encyclopaedia Iranica to the Associated Press article of March 25, 2007 entitled "U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness"" (PDF). Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-12-02.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Citing the Encyclopædia Iranica". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2020-08-02.

External links

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