GNOME

Desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like systems
This article is about the desktop environment. For other uses, see Gnome (disambiguation).

GNOME
Original author(s)Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena
Developer(s)GNOME Project
Initial release3 March 1999; 25 years ago (1999-03-03)[1]
Repository
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Written inC, XML, C++, C#, HTML, Vala, Python, JavaScript, CSS, and more[2]
Engine
    Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 29: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
    Operating systemLinux and other Unix-like systems
    PlatformWayland and X11
    Available in38 languages[3]
    TypeDesktop environment
    LicenseGPL-2.0-or-later[4]

    GNOME (/ɡəˈnoʊm, ˈnoʊm/),[5][6][7] originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment,[8] is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like[9] operating systems.

    Many major Linux distributions, including Debian, Fedora Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise distribute GNOME as their default desktop environment; it is also the default in Oracle Solaris, a Unix operating system.

    GNOME is developed by the GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat.[10][11][12] It is an international project that aims to develop frameworks for software development, to program end-user applications based on these frameworks, and to coordinate efforts for the internationalization, localization, and accessibility of that software.

    History

    See also: History of free and open-source software § Desktop (1984–present)

    GNOME 1

    Main article: GNOME 1
    File:GNOME 1.0 (1999, 03) with GNOME Panel 1 and File Manager.png
    GNOME 1 (1999)

    GNOME was started on 15 August 1997[8] by Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena [es] as a free software project to develop a desktop environment and applications for it.[13] It was founded in part because the K Desktop Environment, which was growing in popularity, relied on the Qt widget toolkit which used a proprietary software license until version 2.0 (June 1999).[14][15] In place of Qt, GTK (GNOME Toolkit, at that time called GIMP Toolkit) was chosen as the base of GNOME. GTK is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a free software license that allows software linking to it to use a much wider set of licenses, including proprietary software licenses.[16] GNOME itself is licensed under the LGPL for its libraries and the GNU General Public License (GPL) for its applications.[17]

    GNOME was formerly a part of the GNU Project,[13][18][19][20] but that is no longer the case. In 2021, GNOME Executive Director Neil McGovern publicly tweeted that GNOME was not a GNU project and that he had been asking GNU to remove GNOME from their list of packages since 2019.[21][22] In 2021, GNOME was removed from the list.[23] GNOME proceeded to remove mentions of any link to GNU from their code and documentation.[24] The name "GNOME" was initially an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment, referring to the original intention of creating a distributed object framework similar to Microsoft's OLE,[25][26] but the acronym was eventually dropped because it no longer reflected the vision of the GNOME project.[26]

    The California startup Eazel developed the Nautilus file manager from 1999 to 2001. De Icaza and Nat Friedman founded Helix Code (later Ximian) in 1999 in Massachusetts; this company developed GNOME's infrastructure and applications and was purchased by Novell in 2003.

    During the transition to GNOME 2 and shortly thereafter, there were brief talks about creating a GNOME Office suite.[27][28] On 15 September 2003 GNOME-Office 1.0, consisting of AbiWord 2.0, GNOME-DB 1.0, and Gnumeric 1.2.0, was released.[29][30][31] Although some release planning for GNOME Office 1.2 was happening on the gnome-office mailing list,[32][33][34] and Gnumeric 1.4 was announced as a part of it,[35] the 1.2 release of the suite itself never materialized. As of 4 May 2014, the GNOME wiki only mentions "GNOME/GTK applications that are useful in an office environment".[36]

    GNOME 2

    Main article: GNOME 2
    File:Gnome-2.6-en.png
    GNOME 2.6 (released in March 2004)

    GNOME 2 was released in June 2002[37][38] and was very similar to a conventional desktop interface, featuring a simple desktop in which users could interact with virtual objects such as windows, icons, and files. GNOME 2 started out with Sawfish as its default window manager, but later switched to Metacity in GNOME 2.2.[39][40] The handling of windows, applications, and files in GNOME 2 is similar to that of contemporary desktop operating systems. In the default configuration of GNOME 2, the desktop has a launcher menu for quick access to installed programs and file locations; open windows may be accessed by a taskbar along the bottom of the screen; and the top-right corner features a notification area for programs to display notices while running in the background. However, these features can be moved to almost any position or orientation the user desires, replaced with other functions, or removed altogether.

    File:Gnome-2.18-screenshot1.png
    GNOME 2.18 (released in March 2007)

    As of 2009, GNOME 2 was the default desktop for OpenSolaris.[41] The MATE desktop environment is a fork of the GNOME 2 codebase (see Criticism, below.)

    GNOME 3

    Main article: GNOME 3
    File:GNOME Shell & GNOME Weather 3.14--running on AOSC OS3.jpg
    GNOME 3 has a modern approach to user interface design and naming the applications. This screenshot shows GNOME Weather running on GNOME Shell, both in version 3.14 (September 2014)

    In 2008, an increasing discontent among the community and developers about the lack of project direction and technical progress prompted the announcement of GNOME 3.0. Originally, the plan was to make only incremental changes and avoid disruption for users.[42] This changed when efforts led to the creation of the GNOME Shell.[43]

    GNOME 3 was released in 2011.[44] While GNOME 1 and 2 interfaces followed the traditional desktop metaphor, the GNOME Shell adopted a more abstract metaphor with a minimalistic window management workflow, where switching between different tasks and virtual desktops occurs in a separate area called the overview.[43] The Minimize and maximize buttons were hidden by default, leaving only the close button and application name in the window decoration.[45][46]

    GNOME 3 brought many enhancements to core software.[43] Many GNOME Core Applications also went through redesigns to provide a better user experience.[47][48] Mutter replaced Metacity as the default window manager[49][50] and Adwaita replaced Clearlooks as the default theme.[51]

    File:GNOME Clocks 40 (released in 2021-03).png
    GNOME aims to provide a simple user experience and responsive user interface on both desktop and tablet systems by using client-side decoration (CSD) and a modern approach in designing user interface

    Criticism

    The release of GNOME 3 caused considerable controversy in the GNU and Linux communities.[52] Aiming to provide an easy-to-use and uncluttered user experience has led to some criticized design decisions, like the removal of minimize and maximize buttons, the simplification of configuration options, and visual clues that could lead to confusion.[43]

    A few projects have been initiated to continue development of GNOME 2.x or to modify GNOME 3.x to be more like the 2.x releases:

    • The MATE desktop environment was forked from the GNOME 2 code base with the intent of retaining the traditional GNOME 2 interface whilst keeping compatibility with modern Linux technology, such as GTK 3.[53][54]
    • The Linux Mint team addressed the issue by developing "Mint GNOME Shell Extensions" that ran on top of GNOME Shell and allowed it to be used via the traditional desktop metaphor. This eventually led to the creation of the Cinnamon desktop environment, which was forked from the GNOME 3 codebase.[55]
    • The LXDE Project, which was experimenting with a Qt port at the time,[56] joined the Razor-qt Team and became LXQt.[57]
    • Canonical, the company developing Ubuntu, ceased working with the GNOME Shell developers during the GNOME 3 planning phases[58][59][60] and released their own shell, Unity, replacing GNOME as the default desktop shell in Ubuntu 11.04 "Natty Narwhal" released in April 2011.[61] Previously, Unity had only been intended for use with the Ubuntu Netbook Edition starting with version 10.10 and a now-canceled edition of Ubuntu called Ubuntu Light.[62] However, Ubuntu has since switched to a modified version of GNOME as of Ubuntu 17.10.[63]

    Among those critical of the early releases of GNOME 3 is Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel. Torvalds abandoned GNOME for a while after the release of GNOME 3.0, saying, "The developers have apparently decided that it's 'too complicated' to actually do real work on your desktop, and have decided to make it really annoying to do". He then switched to Xfce.[64]

    Over time, critical reception has grown more positive. In 2013, Torvalds resumed using GNOME, noting that "they have extensions now that are still much too hard to find; but with extensions you can make your desktop look almost as good as it used to look two years ago".[65][66] Debian, a Linux distribution that had historically used GNOME 2, switched to Xfce when GNOME 3 was released, but re-adopted GNOME 3 in time for the release of Debian 8 "Jessie".[67] Ubuntu switched from Unity to GNOME 3 with several extensions to resemble Unity, such as a persistent left application panel instead of a hidden dock and re-enabling desktop icons, with Ubuntu 17.10 Artful Aardvark in 2017. This release also saw the Ubuntu GNOME edition merge with the mainline release.[68] However, Ubuntu Unity was then released, keeping the Unity desktop and continuing to update it.

    GNOME 40 and higher

    GNOME 40 was released on 24 March 2021.[69][70] It immediately follows version 3, but adopts a new versioning scheme and a schedule of future major releases on a fixed six-month cycle (see Release Cycle).[71] With this quicker release cadence, major releases became somewhat leaner, because full rewrites of major packages were not occurring as often as they were in the jumps between GNOME 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 versions.

    GNOME 40 organizes the activities overview in a horizontal fashion, instead of using a vertical design like its predecessors.[69] The release also brings new touchpad gestures.[72]

    File:Gnome-40-shell.png
    GNOME 40
    File:Gnome OS running Gnome 41.rc.png
    GNOME 41
    File:GNOME Tour 41 on GNOME Shell (released in 2021-09).webm
    GNOME Tour 41 on GNOME 41

    GNOME 41 was released on 22 September 2021 and introduced a rewritten and redesigned GNOME Software application manager, a multitasking panel and a mobile network (for WWAN) panel in settings, a new remote desktop app called Connections, updates to GNOME Music app, and improvements to the power mode settings.[73]

    GNOME 42 was released on 23 March 2022 [74] and introduced the option to screen record and switch light/dark themes using a new GTK API called Libadwaita. It switched some defaults apps such as Text Editor instead of Gedit and Console instead of Terminal/Tilix (said to only be replaced for non-advanced users).[75]

    GNOME 43 (Guadalajara) was released on 21 September 2022[76] and introduced a new quick settings menu, a GNOME Files update to GTK4, and a new 'Device Security' panel in settings, among many other changes. GNOME Web was updated, bringing in support for web apps and experimental Firefox and Chrome extension support.

    GNOME 44 (Kuala Lumpur) was released on 22 March 2023. Named after Kuala Lumpur in recognition of work done by the GNOME.Asia community,[77] GNOME 44 introduced a new file chooser grid view, updated settings panels, and redesigned accessibility settings. The new quick settings menu introduced in GNOME 43 was updated, alongside the addition of several new apps and improvements to existing apps.[77]

    GNOME 45 (Rīga) was released on 20 September 2023.[78] It introduced redesigned app styles alongside a new activities button, which replaced both the previous "Activities" label and the app menu with a graphical workspace indicator. Other updates to the system bar included a new camera usage indicator and a keyboard shortcut to open and close the quick settings menu. GNOME 45 also introduced two new image viewer and camera apps, keyboard backlight controls, and numerous enhancements to existing apps.[78]

    GNOME 46 has not yet been released (its stable release is expected on 20 March 2024[79]) but its alpha was released on 12 January 2024[80] and beta on 10 February 2024.[81] Notable changes include the system monitor being ported to GTK4, headless remote login via GDM (RDP only) is now supported, Nautilus now asks to enter a password twice when creating password protected ZIP archives and will now also detect when a file being moved to a FAT32 volume is over 4GB in size, among other changes.[82]

    Releases

    Release cycle

    Each of the component software products in the GNOME project has its own version number and release schedule. However, individual module maintainers coordinate their efforts to create a full GNOME stable release on an approximately six-month schedule,[83] alongside its underlying libraries such as GTK and GLib. Some experimental projects are excluded from these releases.[citation needed]

    Before GNOME 40, GNOME version numbers followed the scheme v.xx.yy.[citation needed] Here, v is a major version, which can include large changes such as ABI breakage; these have no regular schedule and occur in response to requirements for large-scale changes[citation needed]. xx is a minor version, released on the above schedule of approximately every 6 months, in which the 1- or 2-digit number's parity indicates the type of release: if xx is even (e.g. 3.20) the release is considered stable, whereas if xx is odd, it represents a current development snapshot (e.g. 3.21) that will eventually evolve into the next stable release.[citation needed] yy indicates a point release, e.g. 3.20.6; these are made on a frequency of weeks in order to fix issues, add non-breaking enhancements, etc.[citation needed]

    GNOME 40 started a new versioning scheme in which a single number is incremented with each biannual release. The number is followed by a dot and then "alpha", "beta", or "rc" for a development release, or a decimal for a minor stable release (much like the yy mentioned previously).[71]

    GNOME releases are made to the main FTP server in the form of source code with configure scripts[citation needed], which are compiled by operating system vendors and integrated with the rest of their systems before distribution. Most vendors only use stable and tested versions of GNOME and provide it in the form of easily installed, pre-compiled packages. The source code of every stable and development version of GNOME is stored in the GNOME git source code repository[citation needed].

    A number of build scripts (such as JHBuild or formerly GARNOME) are available to help automate the process of compiling the source code.[citation needed]

    Release history

    Version Date Information
    August 1997 GNOME development announced[84]
    1.0 March 1999 First major GNOME release[1]
    1.2 May 2000 Codename "Bongo"[85]
    1.4 April 2001 Codename "Tranquility"[86][87]
    2.0 June 2002 Major upgrade based on GTK2. Introduction of the Human Interface Guidelines.[88]
    2.2 February 2003 Multimedia and file manager improvements.[89]
    2.4 September 2003 Codename "Temujin": Epiphany, accessibility support.[90]
    2.6 March 2004 Nautilus changes to a spatial file manager, and a new GTK file dialog is introduced. A short-lived fork of GNOME, GoneME, is created as a response to the changes in this version.[91]
    2.8 September 2004 Improved removable device support, adds Evolution.[92]
    2.10 March 2005 Lower memory requirements and performance improvements. Adds: new panel applets (modem control, drive mounter and trashcan); and the Totem and Sound Juicer applications.[93]
    2.12 September 2005 Nautilus improvements; improvements in cut/paste between applications and freedesktop.org integration. Adds: Evince PDF viewer; New default theme: Clearlooks; menu editor; keyring manager and admin tools. Based on GTK 2.8 with cairo support.[94]
    2.14 March 2006 Performance improvements (over 100% in some cases); usability improvements in user preferences; GStreamer 0.10 multimedia framework. Adds: Ekiga video conferencing application; Deskbar search tool; Pessulus lockdown editor; Fast user switching; Sabayon system administration tool.[95]
    2.16 September 2006 Performance improvements. Adds: Tomboy notetaking application; Baobab disk usage analyser; Orca screen reader; GNOME Power Manager (improving laptop battery life); improvements to Totem, Nautilus; compositing support for Metacity; new icon theme. Based on GTK 2.10 with new print dialog.[96]
    2.18 March 2007 Performance improvements. Adds: Seahorse GPG security application, allowing encryption of emails and local files; Baobab disk usage analyser improved to support ring chart view; Orca screen reader; improvements to Evince, Epiphany and GNOME Power Manager, Volume control; two new games, GNOME Sudoku and glChess. MP3 and AAC audio encoding.[97]
    2.20 September 2007 Tenth anniversary release. Evolution backup functionality; improvements in Epiphany, EOG, GNOME Power Manager; password keyring management in Seahorse. Adds: PDF forms editing in Evince; integrated search in the file manager dialogs; automatic multimedia codec installer.[98]
    2.22 March 2008 Addition of Cheese, a tool for taking photos from webcams and Remote Desktop Viewer; basic window compositing support in Metacity; introduction of GVfs; improved playback support for DVDs and YouTube, MythTV support in Totem; internationalised clock applet; Google Calendar support and message tagging in Evolution; improvements in Evince, Tomboy, Sound Juicer and Calculator.[99] Deprecate GnomeVFS in favor of GVfs and GIO.[100]
    2.24 September 2008 Addition of the Empathy instant messenger client, Ekiga 3.0, tabbed browsing in Nautilus, better multiple screens support and improved digital TV support.[101]
    2.26 March 2009 New optical disc recording application Brasero, simpler file sharing, media player improvements, support for multiple monitors and fingerprint reader support.[102]
    2.28 September 2009 Addition of GNOME Bluetooth module. Improvements to Epiphany web browser, Empathy instant messenger client, Time Tracker, and accessibility. Upgrade to GTK version 2.18.[103]
    2.30 March 2010 Improvements to Nautilus file manager, Empathy instant messenger client, Tomboy, Evince, Time Tracker, Epiphany, and Vinagre. iPod and iPod Touch devices are now partially supported via GVfs through libimobiledevice. Uses GTK 2.20.[104]
    2.32 September 2010 Addition of Rygel and GNOME Color Manager. Improvements to Empathy instant messenger client, Evince, Nautilus file manager and others. 3.0 was intended to be released in September 2010, so a large part of the development effort since 2.30 went towards 3.0.[105]
    3.0 April 2011 Introduction of GNOME Shell. A redesigned settings framework with fewer, more focused options. Topic-oriented help based on the Mallard markup language. Side-by-side window tiling. A new visual theme and default font. Adoption of GTK 3.0 with its improved language bindings, themes, touch, and multiplatform support. Removal of long-deprecated development APIs.[45]
    3.2 September 2011 Online accounts support; Web applications support; contacts manager; documents and files manager; quick preview of files in the File Manager; greater integration; better documentation; enhanced looks and various performance improvements.[106]
    3.4 March 2012 New Look for GNOME 3 Applications: Documents, Epiphany (now called Web), and GNOME Contacts. Search for documents from the Activities overview. Application menus support. Refreshed interface components: New color picker, redesigned scrollbars, easier to use spin buttons, and hideable title bars. Smooth scrolling support. New animated backgrounds. Improved system settings with new Wacom panel. Easier extensions management. Better hardware support. Topic-oriented documentation. Video calling and Live Messenger support in Empathy. Better accessibility: Improved Orca integration, better high contrast mode, and new zoom settings. Plus many other application enhancements and smaller details.[46]
    3.6 September 2012 Refreshed Core components: New applications button and improved layout in the Activities Overview. A new login and lock screen. Redesigned Message Tray. Notifications are now smarter, more noticeable, easier to dismiss. Improved interface and settings for System Settings. The user menu now shows Power Off by default. Integrated Input Methods. Accessibility is always on. New applications: Boxes, that was introduced as a preview version in GNOME 3.4, and Clocks, an application to handle world times. Updated looks for Disk Usage Analyzer, Empathy and Font Viewer. Improved braille support in Orca. In Web, the previously blank start page was replaced by a grid that holds your most visited pages, plus better full screen mode and a beta of WebKit2. Evolution renders email using WebKit. Major improvements to Disks. Revamped Files application (also known as Nautilus), with new features like Recent files and search.
    3.8 March 2013 Refreshed Core components: A new applications view with frequently used and all apps. An overhauled window layout. New input methods OSD switcher. The Notifications & Messaging tray now react to the force with which the pointer is pressed against the screen edge. Added Classic mode for those who prefer a more traditional desktop experience. The GNOME Settings application features an updated toolbar design. New Initial Setup assistant. GNOME Online Accounts integrates with more services. Web has been upgraded to use the WebKit2 engine. Web has a new private browsing mode. Documents has gained a new dual page mode & Google Documents integration. Improved user interface of Contacts. GNOME Files, GNOME Boxes and GNOME Disks have received a number of improvements. Integration of ownCloud. New GNOME Core Applications: GNOME Clocks and GNOME Weather.
    3.10 September 2013 A reworked system status area, which gives a more focused overview of the system. A collection of new applications, including GNOME Maps, GNOME Notes, GNOME Music and GNOME Photos. New geolocation features, such as automatic time zones and world clocks. HiDPI support[107] and smart card support. D-Bus activation made possible with GLib 2.38[108]
    3.12 March 2014[109] Improved keyboard navigation and window selection in the Overview. Revamped first set-up utility based on usability tests. Wired networking re-added to the system status area. Customizable application folders in the Applications view. Introduction of new GTK widgets such as popovers in many applications. New tab style in GTK. GNOME Videos, GNOME Terminal and gedit were given a fresh look, more consistent with the HIG. A search provider for the terminal emulator is included in GNOME Shell. Improvements to GNOME Software and high-density display support. A new sound recorder application. New desktop notifications API. Progress in the Wayland port has reached a usable state that can be optionally previewed.[citation needed]
    3.14 September 2014 Improved desktop environment animations. Improved touchscreen support. GNOME Software supports managing installed add-ons. GNOME Photos adds support for Google. Redesigned UI for Evince, Sudoku, Mines and Weather. Hitori is added as part of GNOME Games.[citation needed]
    3.16 March 2015 Major changes include UI color scheme goes from black to charcoal. Overlay scroll bars added. Improvements to notifications including integration with Calendar applet. Tweaks to various apps including Files, Image Viewer, and Maps. New Preview applications: Calendar, Characters, Books. Continued porting from X11 to Wayland.[110]
    3.18 September 2015 Major changes include Google Drive integration in Files. Firmware updates through Software. Automatic screen brightness. Touchpad gestures. Several new applications: GNOME Calendar and GNOME Character Map. Significant improvements to Files, Boxes and Polari. Smaller changes and bug fixes.
    3.20 March 2016 Significant improvements to many core applications, such as system upgrades and reviews in Software, simple photo editing in Photos and improved search in Files. Platform improvements include shortcut help windows which are available in many applications, a refined font, and better control of location services.[111]
    3.22 September 2016 GNOME 3.22 applications are based on GTK 3.22, the last gtk-3.x release
    Wayland is now default. Comprehensive Flatpak support. GNOME Software can install and update Flatpaks, GNOME Builder can create them, and the desktop provides portal implementations to enable sandboxed applications. Improvements to core GNOME applications include support for batch renaming in Files, sharing support in GNOME Photos, an updated look for GNOME Software, a redesigned keyboard settings panel, and much more.
    3.24 March 2017 Night Light is a new feature and reduces eye strain at night by coloring the screen a little red. The date/time drop down now shows Weather information. A refined look to notifications. Gnome Calendar got a week view. Gnome Web got improvements to the experience of adding and managing bookmarks, and ships with Easy Privacy as default.[112] The online accounts, user and printer settings panel was redesigned.[113]
    3.26 September 2017 New look for the Settings application, which has a new navigation sidebar and improved network and display settings, and browser synchronization thanks to the Firefox Sync service. Color emoji are now supported throughout GNOME and will be visible wherever they appear.[114]
    3.28 12 March 2018[115]
    3.30 5 September 2018
    3.32 13 March 2019
    3.34 12 September 2019
    3.36 11 March 2020
    3.38 16 September 2020
    40 24 March 2021
    41 22 September 2021
    42 23 March 2022
    43 21 September 2022
    44 22 March 2023
    45 20 September 2023

    Features

    User interface design

    Main article: Adwaita (design language)
    See also: Worse is better, KISS principle, and Principles of user interface design

    Since GNOME 2, productivity has been a key focus for GNOME. To meet this end, the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG) were created. All GNOME programs share a coherent style of graphical user interface (GUI) but are not limited to the employment of the same GUI widgets. Rather, the design of the GNOME GUI is guided by concepts described in the GNOME HIG, itself relying on insights from cognitive ergonomics.[116] Following the HIG, developers can create high-quality, consistent, and usable GUI programs, as it addresses everything from GUI design to the recommended pixel-based layout of widgets.

    During the GNOME 2 rewrite, many settings deemed of little value to the majority of users were removed. The guiding principle was outlined by Havoc Pennington – a software developer involved in the project – who emphasized the idea that it is better to make software behave correctly by default than to add a UI preference to get the desired behavior:

    A traditional free software application is configurable so that it has the union of all features anyone's ever seen in any equivalent application on any other historical platform. Or even configurable to be the union of all applications that anyone's ever seen on any historical platform (Emacs *cough*).

    Does this hurt anything? Yes it does. It turns out that preferences have a cost. [..] [E]ach one has a price, and you have to carefully consider its value. Many users and developers don't understand this, and end up with a lot of cost and little value for their preferences dollar.

    — Havoc Pennington, Free software UI[117]

    Accessibility

    See also: Computer accessibility and Orca (assistive technology)

    GNOME aims to make and keep the desktop environment physically and cognitively ergonomic for people with disabilities. The GNOME HIG tries to take this into account as far as possible but specific issues are solved by special software.

    GNOME addresses computer accessibility issues by using the Accessibility Toolkit (ATK) application programming interface, which allows enhancing user experience by using special input methods and speech synthesis and speech recognition software. Particular utilities are registered with ATK using Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (AT-SPI), and become globally used throughout the desktop. Several assistive technology providers, including Orca screen reader and Dasher input method, were developed specifically for use with GNOME.

    Internationalization and localization

    The internationalization and localization of GNOME software relies on locale[citation needed], and supports 197 languages with varying levels of completion, with some not being translated at all.[118]

    Desktop and mobile sessions

    GNOME allows for at least three different kinds of login sessions for desktop and one for mobile:

    GNOME Shell

    Main article: GNOME Shell

    GNOME Shell is the default graphical shell of GNOME. It features a top bar holding (from left to right) an Activities button, an application menu, a clock and an integrated system status menu.[119][120] The application menu displays the name of the application in focus and provides access to functions such as accessing the application's preferences, closing the application, or creating a new application window. The status menu holds various system status indicators, shortcuts to system settings, and session actions including logging out, switching users, locking the screen, and suspending the computer.

    Clicking on the Activities button, moving the mouse to the top-left hot corner or pressing the Super key brings up the Overview.[121] The Overview gives users an overview of current activities and provides a way to switch between windows and workspaces and to launch applications. The Dash on the bottom houses shortcuts to favorite applications, currently open windows, and an application picker button to show a list of all installed applications.[119] A search bar appears at the top and a workspace list for viewing and switching between workspaces is directly above it. Notifications appear from the top of the shell.[122]

    GNOME Classic

    Beginning with GNOME 3.8, GNOME provides a suite of officially supported GNOME Shell extensions that provide Applications menu (a basic start menu) and "Places menu" on the top bar, and a panel with windows list at the bottom of the screen that lets quickly minimize and restore open windows, a "Show Desktop" button in the bottom left and virtual desktops in the bottom right corner.[123] GNOME Classic also adds the minimize and maximize buttons to window headers.

    File:GNOME Classic 3.36 (2020-03).png
    GNOME Classic 3.36 (March 2020)
    File:GNOME Classic 3.12 beta (2014-03) with Nautilus.png
    GNOME Classic 3.12 with GNOME Files (March 2014)

    GNOME Flashback

    File:GNOME Flashback 3.36 with GNOME Panel 3.36 (2020-03).png
    An edited image of GNOME Flashback 3.36 that shows its functions including the Main menu, and the plug-ins of GNOME Panel

    GNOME Flashback is an official session for GNOME 3. Based on GNOME Panel and Metacity,[124] it is lightweight,[125][126] has lower hardware requirements, and uses less system resources than GNOME Shell.[127] It provides a traditional and highly customizable taskbar (panel) with many plug-ins bundled in one package (gnome-applets) including a customizable start menu. It provides a similar user experience to the GNOME 2.x series and has customization capacities as built-in.

    GNOME Flashback consists of the following components:

    Mobile

    See also: Phosh

    The libhandy library can be used with GNOME Shell to create a responsive user interface that dynamically adapts to device form factor.[128] With the release of GTK4 the libhandy library was replaced by the libadwaita library for creating responsive user interfaces.[129][130]

    File:Phosh, the GNOME mobile shell, developed by Purism and GNOME (2018-05).jpg
    A mockup of Phosh,[131] the GNOME mobile shell, developed by Purism and GNOME (May 2018)
    File:GNOME Shell with GNOME Web in mobile form factor, 300% scaling (both in version 3.36).png
    GNOME Shell with GNOME Web in mobile form factor

    Development

    GNOME is developed by GNOME Project.[132] GNOME development is loosely managed. Since the introduction of Discourse forum in 2019, the discussion moved from mailing lists and in October 2022, the project announced the plan to close all its public mailing lists.[133]

    GNOME developers and users gather at an annual GUADEC meeting to discuss the current state and the future direction of GNOME.[134] GNOME incorporates standards and programs from freedesktop.org to better support interoperability with other desktops.

    GNOME is mainly written in C, XML, C++, C#, HTML, Vala, Python, JavaScript, CSS, and more.[2] A number of language bindings are available.

    Development platform

    The GLib data structures and utilities library, GObject object and type system and GTK widget toolkit comprise the central part of GNOME development platform. This foundation is further extended with D-Bus IPC framework, Cairo 2D vector-based drawing library, Clutter accelerated graphics library, Pango international text rendering library, PulseAudio and PipeWire low-level audio APIs, GStreamer multimedia framework, and several specialized libraries including NetworkManager, PackageKit, Telepathy (instant messaging), and WebKit.[135]

    Dependencies

    The GNOME desktop environment does not consist solely of the graphical control element library GTK and the core applications that make use of it. There are quite a few additional software packages that make up the GNOME desktop environment, such as the above.

    Windowing System

    Main article: Windowing system

    GNOME runs on Wayland and the X Window System (specifically X.Org).[136] Wayland support was introduced in GNOME 3.10[120] and deemed "for the majority of users […] a usable day to day experience" by 3.20,[137] at which point Wayland became the default user session.[138] With GNOME 3.24, Wayland compatibility was extended to Nvidia drivers.[139] In GNOME 3.30 or later, it is possible to run GNOME without X running at startup, using only Wayland.[140]

    systemd

    Main article: systemd

    In May 2011 Lennart Poettering proposed systemd as a GNOME dependency.[141] As systemd is available only on Linux, the proposal led to a discussion of possibly dropping support for other platforms in future GNOME releases. Since GNOME 3.2 multiseat support has only been available on systems using systemd.[106] In November 2012 the GNOME release team concluded there will be no compile time dependency on systemd for basic functionality, like session tracking. For non-basic functionality, like power management, compile time dependency is possible. For example, there is no concept of systemd inhibitors in alternatives like consolekit. A package manager may want to ensure that the system is not turned off while the upgrade is taking place.[142] [143]

    Applications

    Core Applications

    Main article: GNOME Core Applications

    There are a large number of GTK and Clutter-based programs written by various authors. Since the release of GNOME 3.0, GNOME Project concentrates on developing a set of programs that accounts for the GNOME Core Applications.[144] The commonalities of the GNOME Core Applications are the adherence to the current GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG) as well as the tight integration with underlying GNOME layers like e.g. GVfs (GNOME virtual filesystem) and also with one another e.g. GOA (gnome-online-accounts)[145] settings and GNOME Files with Google Drive[146][147] and GNOME Photos with Google Photos. Some programs are simply existing programs with a new name and revamped user interface, while others have been written from scratch.

    Games

    See also: Open-source video game

    GNOME Games have the look and feel of the GNOME Core Applications and are released simultaneously with GNOME. All have been rewritten to conform to the current GNOME Human Interface Guidelines.[citation needed]

    Development tools

    Programmers have written software to provide development tools consistent with the GNOME desktop and to facilitate the development of GNOME software.

    GNOME Builder is the official integrated development environment developed by the GNOME project, replacing Anjuta. Glade Interface Designer was a RAD IDE for GTK 3, however it was discontinued in 2022 and does not support GTK 4. GTK ships with GTK Inspector to inspect the widget tree of an application for debugging.[148] Gnome additionally ships Devhelp to browse API documentation.

    Integration options for third-party development tools (e.g. NoFlo) also exist.[149]

    The libsoup library enables access to HTTP servers from GNOME applications.[150]

    BuildStream is a flexible and extensible framework for the modeling of build and CI pipelines in a declarative YAML format, written in Python.[151]

    See also

    Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

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