Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)

This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships, shipping, seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on the sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin nauticus, from Greek nautikos, from nautēs: "sailor", from naus: "ship".

Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English, and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Glossary of rowing terms, and Glossary of meteorology.

This glossary is split into two articles:

terms starting with the letters A to L are at Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)
terms starting with the letters M to Z are at Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z).

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

M

mack: A structure which combines the radar mast and the exhaust stack of a surface ship, thereby saving valuable deck space.^{[citation needed]}
Mae West: A Second World War personal flotation device used to keep people afloat in the water; named after the 1930s actress Mae West, well known for her large bosom.
magazine: The ammunition storage area aboard a warship.
magnetic bearing: An absolute bearing using magnetic north.
magnetic north: The direction towards the North Magnetic Pole. Varies slowly over time.
maiden voyage: The first voyage of a ship in its intended role, i.e. excluding trial trips.
Maierform bow: A V-shaped bow introduced in the late 1920s which allowed a ship to maintain a given speed with less power, improved seakeeping, increased reserve buoyancy, reduced pitching movements, and improved propeller immersion to increase performance in rough seas.
main: The high sea; the open ocean.
main deck: The uppermost continuous deck extending from bow to stern.
mainbrace: Either of the braces attached to the yard of the mainsail (the largest and lowest sail on the mainmast) on a square-rigged vessel.
mainmast: 1. The tallest mast on a shipLua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory. with more than one mast, especially the tallest mast on a full-rigged ship.; 2. On a ship with more than one mast, the second mast from the bow.; The top of a sailing vessel's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainmast]].; A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailor]] assigned to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainmast]].; The main brails on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]].^[1]; A sail control line that allows the most obvious effect on [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]] trim. Primarily used to control the angle of the boom, and thereby the mainsail, this control can also increase or decrease downward tension on the boom while sailing upwind, significantly affecting sail shape. For more control over downward tension on the boom, a boom vang may be used.; The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stay]] running from the top of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainmast]] to the bottom of the foremast, or from the top of the foremast to the ship's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stem]].; When a vessel is moving under its own power.; A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] from the Age of Sail.; 1. An emergency call that alerts the crew that someone aboard has gone [[#lua error: not enough memory.|overboard]] into the water and must be rescued.; 2. A person who has fallen into the water from a ship or boat – the object of the resulting rescue attempt.; To station the crew of a naval vessel along the rails and superstructure of the vessel as a method of saluting or rendering honors.; To have all of the crew of a sailing vessel not required on deck to handle the ship go [[#lua error: not enough memory.|aloft]] and spread out along the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yards]]. Originally used in harbors to display the whole crew to harbor authorities and other ships present to show that the vessel's guns were not manned and hence her intentions were peaceful, manning the yards has since become a display used in harbor during celebrations and other special events.; A document listing the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship for the use of customs and other officials.; An archaic term for Bermuda rig. The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]] is triangular, rigged fore-and-aft with its luff fixed to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]]. The foresail (jib) is a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|staysail]] hanked onto the forestay. Refers to the similarity of the tall mast to a radio aerial.; A docking facility for small ships and yachts.; 1. A soldier trained for service afloat in a (primarily) infantry force that specializes in naval campaigns and subordinated to a navy or a separate naval branch of service rather than to an army. Often capitalized (e.g. a Marine or the Marines). Notable examples are the United Kingdom's Royal Marines, formed as the Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot in 1664 with many and varied duties including providing guard to ship's officers should there be a mutiny aboard, and the US Marine Corps, formed in 1775 as a separate naval service alongside the US Navy. It is incorrect, and often viewed by marines as offensive, to refer to a marine as a "soldier" or "infantryman", as these terms refer to personnel of an army rather than those of a marine force. It also is incorrect, and sometimes considered offensive by both merchant mariners and marines, to refer to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|merchant mariners]] as "merchant marines", because merchant mariners are civilian sailors responsible for operating merchant ships and are not marines. Marines sometimes are thought by seamen to be rather gullible, hence the phrase "tell it to the marines", meaning that one does not believe what is being said.; 2. An alternative term for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|navy]], uncommon in English but common in other languages.; 3. Of or pertaining to the sea (e.g. marine biology, marine insurance, marine salvage).; 4. A painting representing a subject related to the sea.; An hourglass-like timekeeping instrument used aboard ships from at least the 14th century until reliable mechanical timepieces replaced it in the early 19th century. Marine sandglasses measured the passage of time in 30-minute increments to regulate time on watch, to measure a boat's speed, and to assist in determining a ship's position by measuring the time elapsed while she was on a given course.; A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailor]].; 1. Of or related to the sea (e.g., maritime activities, maritime law, maritime strategy).; 2. Bordering on the sea (e.g., maritime provinces, maritime states).; 3. Living in or near the sea (e.g., maritime animals).; 4. Of or relating to a mariner or sailor.; A tool used in ropework for tasks such as unlaying rope for splicing, untying knots, or forming a makeshift handle.; A vertical pole on a ship that supports [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]] or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]]. If a wooden multi-part mast, this term applies specifically to the lowest portion.; A yachtsman's tabernacle. The iron fitting in which the heel of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] is mounted.^[1]; The place in the hull where the lowest point of a mast rests, taking the weight of the mast and the thrust imposed by the tension of the rigging, and preventing lateral and fore and aft movement of the bottom of the mast. With a wooden hull and mast, this is usually achieved by having a socket cut in the top of the keelson, a floor or some other major structural component. A tenon cut into the bottom of the mast sits snugly in the socket.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory. With a deck-stepped aluminium mast, the step may consist of a metal fitting bolted to the deck, to which bolts a matching fitting at the bottom of the mast.; The process of raising a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]].; A small platform partway up the mast, just above the height of the mast's main [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yard]]. A lookout is stationed here, and men who are working on the main yard will embark from here. See also crow's nest.; A white [[#lua error: not enough memory.|running light]] displayed at the front of a vessel.; 1. The captain of a commercial vessel.; 2. A senior officer of a naval sailing ship in charge of routine seamanship and navigation but not in command during combat.; 3. (master) A former naval rank.; A non-commissioned officer responsible for discipline on a naval ship. Standing between the officers and the crew, commonly known in the Royal Navy as "the Buffer".Lua error: not enough memory.; A traditional Royal Navy term for an ordinary [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailor]].; Military equipages of all descriptions for the naval services. The bombs, blankets, beans, and bulletins of the Navy and Marine Corps. Taken from Nelson's British navy as the US services became professional. See also materiel – military supplies, equipment and weapons.; A method of mooring stern-to.; A collective term for all merchant ships registered in a given country and the civilians (especially those of that nationality) who man them; the ships and personnel in combination are said to constitute that country's merchant marine. Called the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|merchant navy]] in the United Kingdom and some other countries.; A civilian officer or sailor who serves in the merchant marine. Sometimes such personnel are incorrectly called "merchant marines", but both merchant mariners and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|marines]] frown on this term; although merchant mariners are part of the merchant marine, they are civilians and are not in any way marines, which are a specialized type of military personnel.; A name bestowed upon the merchant marine of the United Kingdom by King George V, and since adopted by some other countries as well. The merchant navy's personnel are civilians, and the term "merchant navy" does not imply that they or their ships are a part of the navy. Synonymous with the term merchant marine.; A merchant ship - any non-naval passenger- or cargo-carrying vessel, including cargo ships, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tankers]], and passenger ships but excluding troopships.; 1. An eating place aboard a ship.; 2. A group of crew who live and eat together.; A system of catering in which a standard ration is issued to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mess]] supplemented by a money allowance, which the mess may use to buy additional victuals from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|purser]]'s stores or elsewhere. Each mess was autonomous and self-regulating. Seaman cooks, often members of the mess, prepared the meals and took them, in a tin canteen, to the galley to be cooked by the ship's cooks. As distinct from "cafeteria messing" where food is issued to an individual hand, which is now the general practice.; The midway point between a vessel's center of buoyancy when upright and her center of buoyancy when tilted.; A measurement of the initial static stability of a vessel afloat, calculated as the distance between her center of gravity and her metacenter. A vessel with a large metacentric height [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rolls]] more quickly and therefore more uncomfortably for people on board; a vessel with a small metacentric height will roll sluggishly and may face a greater danger of capsizing.; The portion of the triangular trade pattern of the late 16th through the early 19th centuries in the Atlantic Ocean in which slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas. In the terminology of the slave trade itself, the Middle Passage linked the First Passage (the transportation of captives from the interior of Africa to African ports for sale as slaves) with the Final Passage (the transportation of slaves from their port of disembarkation in the Americas to the location where they were to work).; The middle brails on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]], higher than the lowers, and lower than the mains.^[1]; A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|superstructure]] built over the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|midships]] section of the hull, often housing the bridge and officers quarters, as well as passenger quarters aboard cargo liners. A common feature of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tanker]]s, cargo liners, and cargo ships up until the mid-20th century, when ship design moved away from the use of midship houses.; 1. During the 17th century, a naval rating for an experienced seaman.; 2. From the 18th century, a naval commissioned officer candidate.; 3. From the 1790s, an apprentice naval officer.; 4. From the 19th century, an officer cadet at a naval academy.; 5. In contemporary British usage, a non-commissioned officer below the rank of lieutenant. Usually regarded as being "in training" to some degree. Also known as "Snotty". It is "the lowest form of rank in the Royal Navy" where he has authority over and responsibility for more junior ranks, yet, at the same time, relying on their experience and learning his trade from them.; 6. In contemporary American usage, a cadet of either sex at the United States Merchant Marine Academy or the United States Naval Academy, or under contract and having sworn the Oath of Office in the Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) program. When plural (midshipmen), the term refers to the student body of either academy, and more formally as "the Regiment of Midshipmen" for the Merchant Marine Academy and "the Brigade of Midshipmen" for the Naval Academy, or for the NROTC unit members usually organized into battalions.; An alternative to the Blackwall hitch, preferred if the rope is greasy. Made by first forming a Blackwall hitch and then taking the underneath part and placing it over the bill of the hook.^[2]; Broken pieces of biscuit as dessert.^[3]; A slovenly method of rolling up a hammock transversely and lashing it endways by one clue.^[3]; A shortened form of amidships, with both alternative meanings.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.; See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|nautical mile]].; A hollow, tubular [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] used in [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warships]] in the last third of the 19th century, often equipped with a fighting top armed with light-caliber guns.; Shipboard rats; A self-contained explosive device intended to damage or sink surface ships or submarines, designed to be placed in water and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, proximity of, or contact with a surface ship or submarines.; A vessel designed or equipped to detect and destroy individual mines. It differs from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|minesweeper]], which is designed or equipped to clear areas of water of mines without necessarily detecting them first.; A vessel designed or equipped to deploy (or "lay") mines.; A vessel designed or equipped to clear areas of water of mines without necessarily detecting them first. It differs from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|minehunter]], which is designed or equipped to detect and destroy individual mines.; To be "in irons" (i.e. to lose forward momentum) when changing [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tack]].; 1. A mizzen sail is a small [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] (triangular or gaff) on a ketch or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yawl]] set abaft the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mizzenmast]].^[1]; 2. A mizzen staysail is an occasional lightweight [[#lua error: not enough memory.|staysail]] on a ketch or yawl, set forward of the mizzenmast while reaching in light to moderate airs.^[1]; 3. A mizzenmast is a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] on a ketch or yawl, or spritsail barge. Its positioning afore of abaft the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder post]] distinguishes between a ketch or a yawl. On a barge its rig determines if she is a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|muffie]] or a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mulie]].^[1]; The third [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]], or the mast aft of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainmast]], on a ship.; A massive structure, usually of stone or concrete, used as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pier]], breakwater, or causeway between places separated by water. May have a wooden structure built upon it and resemble a wooden pier or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wharf]], but a mole differs from a pier, quay, or wharf in that water cannot flow freely underneath it.; 1. A type of roller fairlead, also known as a cage roller, with vertical and horizontal rollers, mounted on the bulwark or gunwale and used to constrain and guide a fishing net or towing cable for a net or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|minesweeping]] [[#lua error: not enough memory.|paravane]].^[4]^[5]; 2. A removable or folding vertical bar or hook fitted to the bulwarks of a tug on either side to prevent the towline moving too far forward, which can endanger stability. Sometimes fitted with a roller. Also called a Norman pin.^[6]; 1. A turreted ironclad [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] of the second half of the 19th century characterized by low freeboard, shallow draft, poor [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaworthiness]], and heavy guns, intended for riverine and coastal operations.; 2. In occasional 19th-century usage, any turreted warship.; 3. A shallow-draft armored shore bombardment vessel of the first half of the 20th century, designed to provide fire support to ground troops, often mounting heavy guns.; 4. (breastwork monitor) A 19th-century monitor designed with a breastwork to improve seaworthiness.; 5. (river monitor) A monitor specifically designed for riverine operations, used during the 19th and 20th centuries and more recently than other types of monitor. River monitors generally are smaller and lighter than other monitors.; A high platform above the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wheelhouse]] offering better visibility to the operator while maneuvering.; A ball woven out of line used to provide heft to heave the line to another location. The monkey fist and other heaving-line knots were sometimes weighted with lead (easily available in the form of foil used e.g. to seal tea chests from dampness) although Clifford W. Ashley notes that there was a "definite sporting limit" to the weight thus added.; 1. To attach a boat to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mooring]] buoy or post.; 2. To dock a ship.; 3. To secure a vessel with a cable or anchor.; A place to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|moor]] a vessel.; A vessel that leads, serves, or carries smaller vessels, in the latter case either releasing them and then proceeding independently or also recovering them after they have completed a mission or operation. A mother ship sometimes contrasts with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tender]], which often (but not necessarily) is a vessel that supports or cares for larger vessels.; A template of the shape of the hull in transverse section. Several moulds are used to form a temporary framework around which a hull is built.; (of a timber in a wooden hull) The identifier of a measurement of a timber in a wooden hull, used, together with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sided]], instead of width and thickness which could be ambiguous – length, the third dimension is not ambiguous. Moulded identifies the measure across the surface of an individual timber where one side of that surface is shaped to fit the overall hull shape, as determined by the moulds. Therefore this is the dimension across the vertical sides of a keel, the athwartships face of a frame, or the fore and aft face of stem or stern post.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.; The breadth of the hull lines at the widest point, normally at midships and measured inside the hull planking or plating. Used in some systems of tonnage measurement.^[7]; The distance between the horizontal plane of the top of the keel and the top of the main deck beams at the edge of the hull. Compare with freeboard depth.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.; Dimensions of a ship shown by the lines plan, generally excluding planking thickness and shell thickness.^[7]; Draught measured relative to the base line.^[7] Compare with keel draught.; Where the lines of the ship are drawn out full-size and the templates for the timbers are made.; Several turns of light line around the mouth of a hook, to prevent unhooking accidents.^[1]; A barge rigged with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spritsail]] main, and a large gaff rigged [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mizzen]] afore the steering wheel. It is sheeted to the saddle chock.^[1]; A cargo ship that has fittings to carry standard shipping containers and retractable [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tweendecks]] that can be moved out of the way so that the ship can carry bulk cargo.; Codes used by various military forces to convey complex information in a few words.; An exercise conducted by the crew of a ship prior to embarking on a voyage. Passengers are required to participate in the drill so that they can be instructed how to evacuate safely in the event of an emergency on board the ship.; A specific location on a vessel planned as a gathering place during an emergency or a muster drill. If a person is believed missing, all passengers must report to their muster station for a head count.; Iron ban around the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] to hold the heel of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sprit]].^[1]; An abbreviation for motor vessel, used before a ship's name.; An abbreviation for motor yacht, used before a yacht's name.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

N

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">name ship

A ship whose name also is used to refer to her entire class of ships. Usually but not always the first ship of her class to be completed and enter service, in which case the term name ship can be used as a synonym for lead ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">natural harbour

A body of water protected from the weather by virtue of its being mostly surrounded by land, and deep enough to provide anchorage for the vessels using it.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">narrowboat

A type of boat designed specifically to fit the narrow canal locks of the United Kingdom.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">narrows

A narrow part of a navigable [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterway]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nautical

Of or pertaining to sailors, seamanship, or navigation; maritime.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nautical chart

A map of a sea or ocean area and adjacent coastal regions, intended specifically for navigation at sea. Nautical charts use map projections designed for easy use with hand instruments, such as the Mercator projection, and indicate depths, hazards, landmarks, aids to navigation such as buoys, and ashore facilities of interest to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mariners]]. Nautical charts are generally originally published by government agencies such as the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and are now provided in both print form and digital for use in chartplotters.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nautical mile

A unit of length corresponding to approximately one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian arc. By international agreement, it is equivalent to exactly Lua error: not enough memory..

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">naval programme

The British system of authorizing naval construction by an annual bill in Parliament.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">naval infantry

1. [[#lua error: not enough memory.|Sailors]] subordinated to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|navy]] trained and equipped to operate ashore temporarily as an organized infantry force, but at other times responsible for the normal duties of sailors aboard ship.

2. A specialized, permanent force of troops subordinated to a navy and responsible for infantry operations ashore. Although more specialized than sailors trained to operate temporarily as naval infantry and bearing similarities to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|marine]] force or marine corps, such permanent naval infantry forces often lack the full capabilities of a marine force. Naval infantry forces also usually differ from marine forces in being subordinated directly to a navy rather than to a separate branch of naval service such as a marine corps.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">navigation

All activities related to determining, plotting, and tracking the position and course of a ship in order to keep track of its position relative to land while at sea. Navigation charts have been used since ancient times, and remain in use as back-ups to modern satellite-based positioning systems. Numerous map projections including the common Mercator projection were developed specifically to make navigation at sea simple to perform with straight-edges and compasses.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">navigation light

Lua error: not enough memory.

A source of illumination on a vessel intended to give information to other vessels on her position, heading, or status.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">navigation rules

Rules of the road that provide guidance on how to avoid collision and also used to assign blame when a collision does occur.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nay

A reply in the negative, synonymous with "no". The opposite of "aye".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">net cutter

1. (Fisheries patrol), also trawlwire cutter: A device employed by the Icelandic Coast Guard during the "Cod Wars" to cut the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|trawling]] wires of foreign fishing trawlers working within Iceland's claimed exclusive fisheries zones.

2. (Submarine): A device, sometimes powered by explosives, mounted on the bow of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submarine]] to cut through anti-submarine netting.

3. (Torpedo): A scissors-like or pistol-powered device on the nose of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|torpedo]] intended to assist the torpedo in breaking through [[#lua error: not enough memory.|torpedo net]]s.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">net laying ship

Lua error: not enough memory.

A type of naval auxiliary ship equipped for and primarily tasked with laying [[#lua error: not enough memory.|torpedo net]]s or anti-submarine nets to protect individual ships at anchor, harbors, or other anchorages from [[#lua error: not enough memory.|torpedo]] attack and intrusions by [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submarines]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">net tender

An alternative term for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|net laying ship]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">New Company ship

A term used for a ship trading between England and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope for the English Company Trading to the East Indies, a new company chartered in 1697 to compete with the "old" East India Company. The term fell into disuse when the two companies merged in 1707.^[8]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">night boat

(United States) A type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamboat]] that provided sleeping quarters for passengers on overnight voyages, as opposed to a day boat that had no need of such facilities.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nipper

A short rope used to bind a cable to the "messenger" (a moving line propelled by the capstan) so that the cable is dragged along, too (used where the cable is too large to be wrapped around the capstan itself). During the raising of an anchor, the nippers were attached and detached from the (endless) messenger by the ship's boys. Hence the term for small boys: "nippers".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nock

The throat of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">no room to swing a cat

The entire [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship's company]] was expected to witness floggings, assembled on deck. If it was very crowded, the bosun might not have room to swing the cat o' nine tails (the whip).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">non-self-sustaining

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|self-sustaining]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">nun

A type of navigational buoy, often cone-shaped, but if not, always triangular in silhouette, colored green in IALA region A or red in IALA region B (the Americas, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines). In channel marking its use is opposite that of a "can buoy".

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

O

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oakum

Any material, often tarred hemp fibres picked from old untwisted ropes, used for caulking gaps or seams between the planks of hulls.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oarLua error: not enough memory.

A pole, usually of wood, with a blade at one end and a handle at the other, which is pivoted on a fulcrum on the side of a boat to provide propulsion by pushing the blade through the water.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oar crutch

A metal (or sometimes plastic) fitting that acts as the fulcrum point of an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]]. It usually takes the form of a U-shape, with a pin underneath the bottom of the "U". The pin rotates in a socket in the boat's gunwale, and the oar rests in the "U".Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory. See also [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rowlock]].^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ocean liner

See liner.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">officer's country

The part of a naval vessel containing the residential quarters and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wardroom]] for commissioned officers. Officer′s country is off-limits to enlisted personnel unless they are there on official business.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">offing

The more distant part of the sea as seen from the shore, generally implying the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|open ocean]] beyond anchoring ground.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">offshore

1. Moving away from the shore.

2. (of a wind) Blowing from the land to the sea.

3. At some distance from the shore; located in the sea away from the coast.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oiler

1. (ship) A naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks which refuels other ships.

1. (occupation) The job title of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaman]] holding a junior position in a ship's engineering crew, senior only to the engine room [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wiper]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oilskinsLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

Foul-weather clothing worn by sailors.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">old man

Crew's slang for the captain, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|master]], or commanding officer of a vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">old salt

Slang for an experienced [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mariner]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">on board

Lua error: not enough memory.

See aboard.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">on her own bottom

Lua error: not enough memory.

Said of a vessel making a voyage without being carried aboard another vessel; e.g. "the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yacht]] crossed the ocean on her own bottom", or in the plural, "yachts rarely cross the ocean on their own bottoms".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">on station

A ship's destination, typically an area to be patrolled or guarded.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">on the beach

1. A Royal Navy term that means "retired from the Service."^[10]

2. On [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shore leave]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">on the hard

A boat that has been hauled and is now sitting on dry land.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">open registry

An organization that will register [[#lua error: not enough memory.|merchant ships]] owned by foreign entities, generally to provide a flag of convenience.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ordinary

See in ordinary.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ordinary seaman

1. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaman]] in the British Royal Navy in the 18th century who had between one and two years of experience at sea. Later, a formal rank in the Royal Navy for the lowest grade of seaman, now obsolete.

2. The second-lowest rank in the United States Navy from 1797 to 1917, between landsman and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaman]]. Renamed "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaman second class]]" in 1917.

3. The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rating]] for entry-level personnel in the deck department of a ship in the United States Merchant Marine. An ordinary seaman (abbreviated "OS") is considered to be serving an apprenticeship to become an able seaman.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ore carrier

A type of bulk carrier specially designed to carry ore.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oreboat

Lua error: not enough memory.

A Great Lakes term for a vessel primarily used in the transport of iron ore.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">orlop deck

1. The lowest deck of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship-of-the-line]].

2. The deck covering in the hold.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">oscar

1. International signal for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|man overboard]].

2. Nickname for a water rescue training dummy. See also [[#lua error: not enough memory.|paradummy]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">outboard

1. Situated outside the hull of a vessel.

2. Situated within a vessel but positioned away (or farther away, when contrasted with another item) from her centerline.

3. Farther from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|hull]] of a ship; e.g. "the larger boat was tied up alongside the ship outboard of the smaller boat".

4. Farther from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pier]] or shore; e.g. "the tanker and cargo ship were tied up at the pier alongside one another with the tanker outboard of the cargo ship".

5. An [[#lua error: not enough memory.|outboard motor]].

6. A vessel fitted with an outboard motor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">outboard motorLua error: not enough memory.

A motor mounted externally on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|transom]] of a small boat. Outboard motors are often mounted in a way that makes them easily movable, such that the boat may be steered by rotating the whole motor with respect to the boat's bearing, instead of or in addition to using a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">outdrive

The lower part of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sterndrive]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">outhaul

A line used to control the shape of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">outrigger

1. Generally, any structure projecting from the side of a vessel.

2. Any contraposing float [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]] beyond the side of a vessel to improve the vessel's stability.

3. A thin, long, solid hull used to stabilize the inherently unstable main hull of an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|outrigger canoe]] or a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailboat]].

4. A variety of structures projecting from a keelboat by which the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|running rigging]] may be attached outboard of the hull.

5. A pole or series of poles projecting from a fishing vessel that allow the vessel to trawl with more fishing lines in the water without the lines tangling and allowing lures and bait to simulate a school of fish.

6. A triangular frame on a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rowboat]] or galley that holds the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rowlock]] away from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|saxboard]] or gunwale to optimize leverage for the rowers. Also called a rigger.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">outward bound

To leave the safety of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port]], heading for the open ocean.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">over-canvassed

To have too great a sail area up to safely maneuver in the current wind conditions.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">over-reaching

Holding a course too long while [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tacking]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">over the barrel

Adult sailors were flogged on the back or shoulders while tied to a grating, but boys were beaten instead on the posterior (often bared), with a cane or cat o' nine tails, while bending, often tied down, over the barrel of a gun, known as kissing the gunner's daughter.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overbear

To sail downwind directly at another ship, stealing the wind from its sails.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overboard

Off or outside a vessel. If something or someone falls, jumps, or is thrown off of a vessel into the water, the object or person is said to have gone overboard. See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|man overboard]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overfalls

Dangerously steep and breaking seas due to opposing currents and wind in a shallow area, or strong currents over a shallow rocky bottom.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overhead

The ceiling of any enclosed space below decks in a vessel, essentially the bottom of the deck above.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overhaul

Hauling the buntline ropes over the sails to prevent them from chafing.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overtaking sea

Seas approaching a vessel from between 15° to port or starboard of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|astern]] at a speed greater than that of the vessel.^[11]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">overwhelmed

Capsized or foundered.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">owner

Traditional Royal Navy term for the captain, a survival from the days when privately owned ships were often hired for naval service.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ox-eye

A cloud or other weather phenomenon that may be indicative of an upcoming storm.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

P

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">packetLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. Originally, a vessel employed to carry post office mail packets to and from British embassies, colonies, and outposts.

2. Later, any regularly scheduled ship carrying cargo or passengers, as in [[#lua error: not enough memory.|packet trade]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">packet trade

Any regularly scheduled cargo, passenger, or mail trade conducted by ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">packetman

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaman]] aboard a ship engaged in [[#lua error: not enough memory.|packet trade]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">paddle box

A covering, usually made of wood, for the upper part of a paddle wheel on a paddle steamer.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">paddle guards

See guards.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">paddy wester

Traditional Royal Navy term for a young or inexperienced seaman.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pagoda mast

A large and distinctive type of foremast installed aboard Imperial Japanese Navy battleships and battlecruisers during modernization and reconstruction of the ships in the 1930s. A pagoda mast was created by strengthening a ship's existing [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tripod foremast]] and adding platforms to it for searchlights, lookouts, shelters, and other structures, giving the mast the appearance of a pagoda temple.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">painter

A rope attached to the bow of a vessel, used to make the vessel fast to a dock or a larger vessel, including when towed astern.^[12]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">palace steamer

The term for a number of luxurious [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamship]]s that carried passengers and cargo on the Great Lakes of North America between 1844 and 1857.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">palm

A protective device, usually leather, worn on the hand when working with a sail needle to repair sails.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">panting

The pulsation in and out of the bow and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] plating as the ship alternately rises and plunges deep into the water.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">paravane

1. (weapon) A device stabilized by vanes that functions as an underwater glider and is usually streamed from the bow of a vessel and towed alongside, intended to cut the mooring of submerged mines or otherwise destroy them.^[13]

2. (water kite) A towed underwater object with hydrofoils, of use in commercial and sport fishing, water sports, marine exploration, and military operations, sometimes equipped with sensors and also of use in exerting a sideward holding force on a vessel. Also called a water kite.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">parbuckle

A method of lifting a roughly cylindrical object such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]]. One end of a rope is made fast above the object, a loop of rope is lowered and passed around the object, which can be raised by hauling on the free end of rope.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">parley

A discussion or conference, especially between enemies, over terms of a truce or other matters.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">parrel

A movable loop or collar, used to fasten a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yard]] or gaff to its respective [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]]. A parrel still allows the spar to be raised or lowered and swivel around the mast. It is sometimes made of wire or rope and fitted with beads to reduce friction.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">part brass rags

Fall out with a friend. From the days when cleaning materials were shared between sailors.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">passageway

An interior corridor or hallway on a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">passenger-cargoman

See cargo liner.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">passenger-cargo ship

See cargo liner.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">patache

Lua error: not enough memory.

A type of very light and shallow Spanish sailing vessel of the 15th through 18th centuries with two [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]]s, resembling a cross between a brig and a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]]. Originally a type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]], but later in use as a trading vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pawls

Small bars used to stop the barrel of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|winch]] or capstan moving backward under an increased load or if the turning power was reduced. In early capstans, the pawls had to be manually moved in and out of the notches in which they worked. Later capstans had automatic pawls that dropped into notches as the barrel turned. In breaking out an anchor, a crew would "heave and pawl" if the bow was rising and falling with the waves, so giving a varying load on the cable.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pay off

1. To let a vessel's head fall off from the wind (to leeward).^[1]

2. During the Age of Sail, the practice of paying a crew its wages for the voyage when a vessel completed her voyage, at which point the crew was said to be paid off.

3. In British and Commonwealth usage, to decommission a warship, e.g. "The old destroyer paid off after returning to port at the end of her final cruise."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">paying

Filling a seam (with caulking or pitch), lubricating the running [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]]; paying with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|slush]], protecting from the weather by covering with slush. See also [[#lua error: not enough memory.|the devil to pay]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">paymaster

The officer responsible for all money matters in Royal Navy ships including the paying and provisioning of the crew, all stores, tools, and spare parts. See also [[#lua error: not enough memory.|purser]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pea coat

Heavy topcoat originally made from pilot cloth.^[14] Officers and chief petty officers wear a variation with gold buttons called a reefer or a longer model called a bridge coat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">peace cruiser

U.S. Navy term of the early 20th century for obsolete cruisers and gunboats used in policing and diplomatic roles.^[15]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">peak

1. The upper aftermost corner of a fore-and-aft [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]]; used in many combinations, such as peak-halyards, peak-brails, etc.^[1]

2. The narrow part of a vessel's bow, or the hold within it.

3. The extremity of an anchor fluke; the bill.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">peaks

The uppermost brails on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]]. Upper and lower peaks are normal, but a barge may carry a third set, too.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pelagic

1. Living in the open ocean rather than coastal or inland waters (e.g. a pelagic shark).

2. Taking place in the open ocean (e.g. pelagic fishing, pelagic sealing).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pelican hook

Lua error: not enough memory.

A hook with a hinge in the curve of the hook, normally held closed by a metal ring that keeps the two hinged parts together. Can be instantly released by knocking the ring along the hook so that it frees one of the hinged parts which swings open and releases whatever the hook is holding. Often seen on opening sections of guard rails and life-raft lashings, but also used on more heavily loaded components.^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pendant

1. A length of wire or rope secured at one end to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] and having a block or other fitting at the lower end.

2. A length of wire or rope hooked to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tackle]] on leeboards.^[1]

3. An alternate spelling of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pennant]].^[16]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pennant

A long, thin triangular flag flown from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masthead]] of a military ship (as opposed to a burgee, the flags thus flown on yachts).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">picaroon

An obsolete (circa 17th century) term for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pirate]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">picket boat

A boat on sentry duty, or one placed on a line forward of a position to warn against an enemy advance.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pier

A raised structure, typically supported by widely spread piles or pillars, used industrially for loading and unloading commercial ships, recreationally for walking and housing attractions at a seaside resort, or as a structure for use by boatless fishermen. The lighter structure of a pier contrasts with the more solid foundations of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|quay]] or the closely spaced piles of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wharf]]. In North America, the term "pier" used alone connotes either a pier used (or formerly used) by commercial shipping or one used for fishing, while in Europe the term used alone connotes a recreational pier at a seaside resort.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pier-head jump

When a sailor is drafted to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] at the last minute, just before she sails.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pilot

A specially knowledgeable person qualified to navigate a vessel through difficult waters, e.g. harbour pilot, etc.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pilot boat

A type of boat used to transport maritime [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pilots]] between land and the inbound or outbound ships that they are piloting.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pilot ladder

A highly specialized form of rope ladder, typically used to embark and disembark [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pilots]] over the side of a ship. Sometimes confused with Jacob's ladders, but the design and construction of pilot ladders is governed tightly by international regulation and includes spreaders – elongated versions of the standard machined step – rather than the type of steps generally found on Jacob′s ladders.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pilothouse

An alternative term for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship]]′s bridge or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wheelhouse]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">PIM

Points (or plan) of intended movement. The charted course for a naval unit's movements.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pinas

Lua error: not enough memory.

A type of two-[[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]]ed [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]] with a large bowsprit, clipper bow, and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|transom stern]] built in the Terengganu area on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pinnace

1. (ship's boat) A small, light boat propelled by [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oars]] or a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]], used as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tender]] to larger vessels during the Age of Sail.

2. (full-rigged pinnace) A small "race built" galleon, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] with either two or three [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]].

3. In modern usage, any small boat other than a launch or lifeboat associated with a larger vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pintle

The pin or bolt on which a ship's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder]] pivots. The pintle rests in the gudgeon.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pipe (bos'n's)Lua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A whistle used by boatswains (bosuns or bos'ns) to issue commands. Consisting of a metal tube that directs the breath over an aperture on the top of a hollow ball to produce high-pitched notes. The pitch of the notes can be changed by partly covering the aperture with the finger of the hand in which the pipe is held. The shape of the instrument is similar to that of a smoking pipe.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pipe down

A signal on the bosun's pipe to signal the end of the day, requiring lights (and smoking pipes) to be extinguished and silence from the crew.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">piping the side

A salute on the bosun's pipe(s) performed in the company of the deck watch on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|starboard]] side of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|quarterdeck]] or at the head of the gangway, to welcome or bid farewell to the ship's captain, senior officers, and honoured visitors.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">piracy

An act of robbery or criminal violence at sea by the occupants of one vessel against the occupants of another vessel (and therefore excluding such acts committed by the crew or passengers of a vessel against others aboard the same vessel). Piracy is also distinguished from [[#lua error: not enough memory.|privateering]], which is authorized by national authorities and therefore a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pirate

One who engages in an act of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|piracy]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pitch

A vessel's motion, rotating about the beam/transverse axis, causing the fore and aft ends to rise and fall repetitively.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pitchpole

To capsize a boat stern over bow, rather than by rolling over.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pivotting

To turn a sailing barge in shallow water by dropping the leeboard so it drags in the mud, then putting the helm hard over. The maneuver is often used to enter congested harbours.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">plane

To skim over the water at high speed rather than push through it.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Plimsoll lineLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A special marking, positioned amidships, that indicates the draft of the vessel and the legal limit to which the vessel may be loaded for specific water types and temperatures.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">plotting room

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|transmitting station]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pocket battleship

British term for the German Navy's Deutschland-class cruisers, which entered service in the 1930s. The ships had battleship-like armament and armor but were of cruiser size and faster than battleships of the time and were intended to serve as commerce raiders. Classified by the German Navy as Panzerschiffe ("armored ships").

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">point

A unit of bearing equal to the angle made by 1⁄32 of a circle, i.e. 11.25 degrees. A turn of 32 points is a complete turn through 360 degrees.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">point up

Lua error: not enough memory.

To change the direction of a sailboat so that it is more upwind, i.e. to bring the bow [[#lua error: not enough memory.|windward]]. This is the opposite of falling off.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">points of sail

The course of a sailing vessel in relation to the direction of the wind, divided into six points: in irons (pointed directly into the wind), close hauled (sailing as close into the direction of the wind as possible), close reach (between close hauled and beam reach), beam reach (perpendicular to the wind), broad reach (wind behind the vessel at an angle), and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|running downwind]], running before the wind, or simply running (wind directly behind the vessel).

File:Points of sail.svg

running downwind]]. A sixth point of sail, between B and C, is not depicted: close reach. The red-striped area is the "no sail zone", because it is impossible to sail directly into the wind.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">polaccaLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A 17th-century sailing vessel commonly seen in the Mediterranean, similar to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|xebec]] with two or three [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]]; two-masted polaccas were known as brig-polaccas and three-masted polaccas as ship-polaccas or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|polacca-settees]]. Polacca-settees had a lateen sail on the foremast, a European-style [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square rig]] on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainmast]], and a gaff or lateen on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mizzenmast]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">polacca-settee

A three-masted [[#lua error: not enough memory.|polacca]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">polacre

Another name for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|polacca]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">polacre-xebec

A type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|xebec]] with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square rig]] on her foremast, lateen sails on her other masts, a bowsprit, and two headsails. A polacre-xebec differed from a felucca in that a felucca had only lateen sails.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pontoon

A flat-bottomed vessel used as a ferry, barge, or car float, or a float moored alongside a jetty or a ship to facilitate boarding.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">poop deck

A high deck on the aft superstructure of a ship. The deck forms a roof over the "poop cabin" in the aft of the ship.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pooped

1. (of a ship or boat) to have a wave break over the stern when travelling with a following sea.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory. This contingency, that can cause significant damage to the ship, is also referred to as "pooping".Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. (colloquially) Exhausted.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">port

1. (facility): A maritime facility on a sea coast, in an estuary, or on a river with loading areas at which a vessel can bring aboard or discharge cargo or passengers.

2. A place along a coast or riverbank where a vessel can take shelter, often including loading and unloading facilities for vessels.

3. A city or town associated with a such a facility or sheltering area.

4. (direction): The left side of a ship or vessel when facing forward (formerly larboard). Denoted with a red light at night.^[1]

5. Toward the left-hand side of the ship when facing forward (formerly "to larboard")

.

6. (rowing): A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sweep]] [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rower]] who rows with one [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]] on one side of a boat and primarily on the port (left) side of the boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">port of registry

The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port]] listed in a vessel's registration documents and lettered on her [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]]. Often used incorrectly as a synonym for home port, meaning the port at which the vessel is based, but it may differ from the port of registry.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">port tack

When sailing with the wind coming from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port]] side of the vessel. Vessels on port tack must give way to those on [[#lua error: not enough memory.|starboard tack]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">porthole

Lua error: not enough memory.

An opening in a ship's side, especially a round one for admitting light and air, fitted with thick glass and, often, a hinged metal cover, used as a window.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">portolan

An obsolete form of nautical chart used prior to the development of lines of latitude and longitude that indicated distances and bearing lines between ports.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">position light

An alternative term for [[#lua error: not enough memory.|navigation light]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">post-captain

An obsolete alternative form of the rank of captain in the Royal Navy; once achieved, promotion thereafter was entirely due to seniority.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">post ship

The British term used from the second half of the 18th century until 1817 for a sixth rate ship-rigged sailing warship armed with 20 to 26 guns, smaller than a frigate but large enough to require a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|post-captain]] as her commanding officer.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">powder hulk

A hulk used to store gunpowder.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">powder magazine

A small room/closet area in the hull of the ship used for storing gunpowder in barrels, or "kegs", usually located centrally so as to have easy access to the grated loading area. Sometimes may be an enclosed closet with a door, so it can be locked and only the captain would have the key, similar to how rum is stored.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pratique

The license given to a ship to enter port on assurance from her captain that she is free from contagious disease. A ship can signal a request for pratique by flying a square solid-yellow flag. The clearance granted is commonly referred to as free pratique.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">predreadnought

A term used retrospectively after 1906 for a wide variety of steam battleships built between the 1880s and c. 1905 designed with only a few large guns for long-range fire, relying on an intermediate secondary battery used at shorter ranges for most of their offensive power, and having triple-expansion steam engines. They were rendered obsolete by the revolutionary dreadnought battleships, which began to appear in 1906 and differed from predreadnoughts in having steam turbine propulsion and an "all-big-gun" armament layout in which the ship's primary gun power resided in a primary battery of its largest guns intended for use at long range, with other gun armament limited to small weapons intended for close-range defense against torpedo boats and other small warships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">press gang

Formed body of personnel from a ship of the Royal Navy (either a ship seeking personnel for its own crew or from a "press tender" seeking men for a number of ships) that would identify and force ("press") men, usually merchant sailors, into service on naval ships, usually against their will.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">preventer

Lua error: not enough memory.

A sail control line originating at some point on the boom leading to a fixed point on the boat's deck or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rail]] (usually a cleat or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pad eye]]) used to prevent or moderate the effects of an accidental jibe.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Principal Naval Transport Officer

In British usage, a Principal Naval Transport Officer is a shore-based flag officer or captain responsible for sea transport duties, and for assisting the Senior Naval Officer in the preparation of naval orders and conducting disembarkations.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Principal Warfare Officer (PWO)

One of a number of Warfare branch specialist officers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">prison shipLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A vessel used as a prison, often to hold convicts awaiting transportation to penal colonies; particularly common in the British Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">private ship

In British usage, a commissioned [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] in active service that is not being used as the flagship of a flag officer. The term does not imply in any way that the ship is privately owned.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">privateer

Lua error: not enough memory.

A privately owned ship authorised by a national power (by means of a letter of marque) to conduct hostilities against an enemy.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">prize

A property captured at sea in virtue of the rights of war, e.g. an enemy warship or merchant vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">prize crew

Members of a warship's crew assigned to man a vessel taken as a prize.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">promenade deck

An open-air upper deck of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|passenger ship]] on which passengers can stroll or relax.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">propeller

1. (fixed) A propeller mounted on a rigid shaft protruding from the hull of a vessel, usually driven by an inboard motor.

2. (folding) A propeller with folding blades, furling to reduce drag on a sailing vessel when not in use.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">propeller walkLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

The tendency for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|propeller]] to push the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] sideways. In theory, a right-hand propeller in reverse will walk the stern to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">prow

1. The forwardmost part of a vessel′s bow above her [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]].

2. An alternative term for the bow of a vessel, sometimes used poetically.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">puddening

Fibres of old rope packed between [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spars]] or used as a fender.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pulling

(of an oar, as used at sea) using an oar for propulsion of a boat where each person (of several) uses one oar. This contrasts with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|row]]ing (at sea), where each person uses two oars, one each side of the boat. See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|row]] for a full explanation of the complexities of the strict definitions.^[17]^{: Lua error: not enough memory., [135]}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">pump boat

An [[#lua error: not enough memory.|outrigger canoe]] powered by a small gasoline engine or diesel engine, used in the Philippines and by Sama-Bajau migrants and refugees in Sabah and eastern Indonesia.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">punt

A flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water and typically propelled by pushing against the riverbed with a pole. In this way it differs from a gondola, which is propelled by an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">punting

Boating in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|punt]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">purchase

A mechanical method of increasing force, such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tackle]] or lever.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">purser

The person who buys, stores, and sells all stores on board ships, including victuals, rum, and tobacco. Originally a private merchant, latterly a warrant officer.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

Q

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quarter

Designation for the aft part of the ship between 120° and 180° to starboard (the starboard quarter), or 180° and 240° to port (the port quarter).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quarterdeck

The aftermost deck of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]]. During the Age of Sail, the quarterdeck was the preserve of the ship's officers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quartering sea

Seas approaching a vessel from between 105° and 165° to port or starboard. Aft of a beam sea and abeam of a following sea.^[11]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quartermaster

1. In merchant marine usage, the seaman responsible for steering a ship. In naval usage, additional duties in running the ship's routine are included.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. US Navy enlisted rating (QM) who, in addition to the above duties, assists with the navigation of the ship.^[18]Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Queen's RegulationsLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

The standing orders governing the British Royal Navy issued in the name of the current Monarch.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quay

1. A stone or concrete structure on navigable water used for loading and unloading vessels, generally synonymous with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wharf]], although the solid foundations of a quay contrast with the closely spaced piles of a wharf. When "quay" and "wharf" are used as synonyms, the term "quay" is more common in everyday speech in the United Kingdom, many Commonwealth countries, and the Republic of Ireland, while "wharf" is more commonly used in the United States.

2. To land or tie up at a quay.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quayside

1. An area alongside a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|quay]].

2. Being alongside a quay, e.g. "The ship is moored quayside."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quickworkLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

The ceiling inside the hull above the turn of the bilge, usually being of lighter dimensions than the ceiling lower down (spirketting).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">quoin

A wedge used to assist in the aiming of a cannon

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

R

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rabbetLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A groove cut in wood to form part of a joint.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">radar

An electronic system designed to transmit radio signals and receive reflected images of those signals from a "target" in order to determine the bearing and distance to the target. The term is an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">radar reflector

A special fixture fitted to a vessel or incorporated into the design of certain aids to navigation to enhance their ability to reflect [[#lua error: not enough memory.|radar]] energy. In general, these fixtures materially improve the visibility for use by vessels with radar.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">raft

A flat structure used for support or transportation over water, lacking a hull and kept afloat by buoyant materials or structures such as wood, balsa, barrels, drums, inflated air chambers such as pontoons, or extruded polystyrene blocks.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">raft ship

Another name for a disposable ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rail meat

A term used to describe the members of a sailboat crew that are using their body weight to control the angle of heel of the boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rake

To incline from the perpendicular; something so inclined is said to be raked or raking (e.g. a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stem]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]], funnel, etc.).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ram

1. A weapon consisting of an underwater prolongation of the bow of a vessel to form an armored beak, intended to be driven into the hull of an enemy vessel in order to puncture the hull and disable or sink that vessel.

2. An armored [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] of the second half of the 19th century designed to use such a weapon as her primary means of attack.

3. To intentionally collide with another vessel with the intention of damaging or sinking her.

4. To accidentally collide bow-first with another vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">range

1. To lay out a rope or chain on deck in a zig-zag or (for rope) a figure‐eight pattern (as opposed to in a coil) so that it can run freely. The zig-zag pattern may be described as flakes.^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. The difference between the heights of the high and low tides – a figure that will vary from place to place and day to day.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

3. The distance from an observer to a target, such as in gunnery.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">range clock

A clockwork device used aboard a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] to continuously calculate the distance or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|range]] to an enemy ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">range lights

See leading lights.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rating

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. In British usage, a junior enlisted member of a country's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|navy]]; i.e., any member of the navy who is not an officer or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warrant officer]].

2. In contemporary U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard usage, rating is the occupational specialty of an enlisted member of the service, rate denotes enlisted pay grade, and rank generally applies to commissioned officer pay grades.

3. A classification system of Royal Navy sailing warships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ratlines

Lua error: not enough memory.

The rungs fastened between the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]] permanently rigged from bulwarks and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tops]] to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] to form rope ladders enabling access to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topmasts]] and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yards]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">razee

1. A sailing ship that has been cut down to reduce the number of decks.

2. To cut down a sailing ship to reduce the number of decks.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reach

1. A section of a stream or river along which similar hydrologic conditions exist, such as discharge, depth, area, and slope.^[19]

2. In sailing usage, a straight section of water that can be traversed in a single [[#lua error: not enough memory.|reaching]] maneuver, without [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tacking]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reaching

Sailing across the wind; i.e. bearing anywhere between about 60° and 160° relative to the direction from which the wind is blowing. Reaching can be further subdivided into "close reaching" (about 60° to 80°), "beam reaching" (about 90°), and "broad reaching" (about 120° to 160°). Compare beating and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|running]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reaching sail

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] specifically designed for tighter reaching legs. Reaching sails are often used in racing with a true wind angle of 35 to 95 degrees. They are generally used before the wind angle moves aft enough to permit [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spinnakers]] to be flown.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ready about

A call to indicate imminent [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tacking]]. See also going about.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Receiver of Wreck

A government official whose duty is to give owners of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shipwrecks]] the opportunity to retrieve their property and ensure that law-abiding finders of wrecks receive an appropriate reward.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">receiving hulkLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A hulk used in harbor to house newly recruited sailors before they are assigned to a crew.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Red Duster

A traditional nickname for the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|Red Ensign]], the civil ensign flown by civilian vessels of the United Kingdom.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Red Ensign

Lua error: not enough memory.

A British flag flown as an ensign by certain British ships. Since 1854, it has been flown by British [[#lua error: not enough memory.|merchant ships]] (except for those authorized to fly the Blue Ensign) as the United Kingdom′s civil ensign. Prior to 1864, ships of the Royal Navy′s Red Squadron also flew it, but its naval use ended with the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">red right return

A phrase used as a mnemonic to remember that the navigational standard for a vessel entering ("returning to") a port in the Americas (excluding Greenland), Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines is for her to steer so that red-marked navigational aids lie to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|starboard]] (to the "right") of an observer facing forward on the vessel, while green-marked aids must lie to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port]] (i.e. to the "left"). This contrasts with the rest of the world, where the standard is the opposite, i.e. green markers must lie to starboard and red ones to port.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">red-to-red

A passage of two vessels moving in the opposite direction on their [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port]] sides, so called because the red navigation light on one of the vessels faces the red light on the other vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reduced cat

Lua error: not enough memory.

^[20]

A light version of the cat o'nine tails for use on young sailors.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reef

1. (noun) Rock or coral that is either partially submerged or fully submerged but shallow enough that a vessel with a sufficient draft may touch or run aground.

2. (verb) To temporarily reduce the area of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] exposed to the wind, usually to guard against adverse effects of strong wind or to slow the vessel.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reef-points

Lengths of rope attached to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] and used to tie up the part of a sail that is taken out of use when [[#lua error: not enough memory.|reefed]]. In older systems, such as [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square]] or gaff rigs, the reef points take some of the load on the sail and distribute it to the boltrope; with slab reefing, the reef-points just keep the sail fabric controlled in a tidy manner. Reef points may either be sewn to each side of the sail or passed through eyelets.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reef-bands

Long pieces of rough canvas sewn across the sails to give them additional strength.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reef-tackles

Ropes employed in the operation of reefing.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reefer ship

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. A refrigerated cargo ship used to carry perishable goods that require refrigeration.

2. A shipboard refrigerator.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reeve

To thread a line through blocks in order to gain a mechanical advantage, such as in a block and tackle.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">regatta

A series of boat races, usually of sailboats or rowboats but occasionally of powered boats.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">regular ship

A term used by the British East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries for merchant ships that made "regular voyages" for the company between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, a trade over which the company held a strict monopoly. The company chartered most of its ships; "regular ships" were those under long-term charter, and the company kept their operations under tight control. A set of "regular ships" set off for Asian ports during each sailing season (September through April), and returned up to two years later. The status and role of "regular ships" differed from that of ships the company referred to as chartered ships, country ships, extra ships, and licensed ships.^[8]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">relative bearing

A bearing relative to the direction in which the vessel is pointing or traveling; the angle between the vessel's forward direction and an object, as measured clockwise from the bow. See also absolute bearing.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">repair ship

A naval auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to other ships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">replenishment oiler

A naval auxiliary ship which provides fuel and dry stores to other ships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">research vessel

A ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea, especially hydrographic surveys, oceanographic research, fisheries research, naval research, polar research, and oil exploration.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">reserve fleet

A collection of naval vessels fully equipped for service but partially or fully decommissioned because they are not currently needed. In the modern United States, a reserve fleet is sometimes informally called a ghost fleet. During the Age of Sail and well into the 19th century, ships in a reserve fleet were said to be in ordinary.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rib tickler

A bargeman's name for the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tiller]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">riding light

A light hung from the forestay when at anchor.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rig

1. The arrangement of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]], and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]] on a sailing vessel.^[21]

2. To fit a sailing vessel with its masts, sails or rigging.^[21]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rigging

The system of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]] and lines on ships and other sailing vessels.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rigging chocks

Thick blocks of wood fixed outside the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rails]] to take the chain plates for the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rigging screw

A bottle screw used to keep wires taut.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">righting

The process of restoring a capsized vessel to upright condition.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">righting couple <dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: -0.2em;">righting moment

The force that tends to restore a ship to upright equilibrium once a heel has altered the relationship between the vessel's center of buoyancy and center of gravity.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rigol

The rim or "eyebrow" above a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|porthole]] or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|scuttle]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rip rap

A man-made pile of rocks and rubble used as a base to support an aid to navigation, often an offshore lighthouse.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ro-ro

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|roll-on/roll-off ship]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">roads

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|roadstead]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">roadstead

Lua error: not enough memory.

A sheltered area outside a harbour where a ship can lie safe at anchor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Roaring Forties

An area of persistent strong westerly winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, generally between the latitudes of 40 and 50 degrees south. During the Age of Sail, ships took advantage of the Roaring Forties to speed their trips, and yacht sailors still do today.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rode

Lua error: not enough memory.

The anchor line, rope, or cable connecting the anchor chain to the vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rogue wave

Any unusually large wave for a given [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sea state]]; formally, a wave whose height is more than twice the significant wave height of that sea state (i.e. the mean of the largest third of waves in a wave record).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">roll

1. The side-to-side motion of a vessel as it rotates about the fore-aft (longitudinal) axis. Listing is a lasting, stable tilt, or heel, along this longitudinal axis.

2. Another name for the longitudinal axis itself (e.g. the "roll axis").

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">roller <dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: -0.2em;">rolling swell

Swell that has increased in height due to influence of the bottom in shallow water, but before it is high enough to break.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">roll-on/roll-off shipLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo that can drive on and off the ship on its own wheels.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rolling-tackle

A number of pulleys, engaged to confine the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yard]] to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|weather side]] of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]]; this tackle is much used in a rough sea.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rolling vang

A second set of sprit-head [[#lua error: not enough memory.|vangs]] played out forward to rail near the bows, used to give additional control and support when needed in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaway]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">romper

In a convoy, a ship that breaks ranks and "romps" ahead out of formation with the other ships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ropes, the

1. All cordage; the lines in the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]].

2. Any cordage of over Lua error: not enough memory. in diameter.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rope's end

A summary punishment device used as a flog.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rope yarn

1. A period, traditionally on Wednesday afternoons, when a tailor boarded a sailing warship while the vessel was in port; the crew was excused from most duties and had light duty mending uniforms and hammocks and darning socks. When the ship was at sea, the crew similarly was excused from most duties on Wednesday afternoons to engage in mending chores. Wednesday afternoons, like Sundays, thus were a more social time when crewmen rested from normal duties, similar to a Sunday, and, because the crew used rope yarn for mending, Wednesday afternoon became known as rope yarn Sunday.

2. After uniforms began to require less care, and through the mid-20th century, a period on Wednesday afternoons when naval crew members were excused from their regular duties to run personal errands.

3. Since the mid-20th century, any period of free time when a naval crew is given early liberty or otherwise excused from its normally scheduled duties.

4. One of the threads in a rope.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">round to

To turn the bow of a vessel into the wind.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rove

Past tense of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|reeve]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">row

1. (in general speech) to propel a boat with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]]s

2. (more precisely, as used at sea) to propel a boat with oars, where each rower handles two oars, one on each side of the boat. This contrasts with the inland waters definition. When, at sea, a person is working just one oar, this is termed [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pulling]]^[17]^{: Lua error: not enough memory., [135]}

2. (more precisely, as used at in inland waters) to propel a boat with oars, where each rower uses just one oar. On inland waters, one person using two oars, one on each side of the boat, is termed [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sculling]]^[17]^{: Lua error: not enough memory., [135]}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rowlock

1. The cutout in the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|washstrake]] of a boat into which an oar is placed, so providing a fulcrum when the oar is in use.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. A common term for an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar crutch]], the u-shaped metal fitting, with a pin underneath that fits in a socket in the gunwale of a boat to provide the fulcrum for an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]].^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.} See also [[#lua error: not enough memory.|thole pin]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">royal

1. On large sailing ships, a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] right above the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topgallant]] mast.

2. The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] of such a mast.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rubbing strake

An extra plank fitted to the outside of the hull, usually at deck level, to protect the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topsides]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rudder

A steering device that is placed aft and pivoted about a (usually vertical) axis to generate a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yawing]] moment from the hydrodynamic forces that act on the rudder blade when it is angled to the flow of water over it. There are several types of rudder, which generally divide into outboard or inboard. An outboard rudder is hung (hinged) on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of the vessel. An inboard rudder has a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stock]] which passes through a gland in the hull, with the structure of the hull continuing towards the stern above the rudder. A spade rudder is hinged solely on the stock and has no lower bearing to help take the loads. Other rudder types may be hinged on an extension of the keel or on a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|skeg]]. Rudders may be balanced, by having some of the blade extend in front of the stock. On simple watercraft, the rudder may be controlled by a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tiller]]—essentially, a stick or pole attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, the rudder is often linked to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steering wheel]] via cables, pushrods, or hydraulics.

File:Adler von Lübeck. Model ship 05.jpg

rudder]]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rudder stop

A fitting that limits the swing of the rudder.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rudderstock

The structural part of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder]] that transmits the torque created by the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tiller]] or steering gear to the rudder blade. It may consist of a steel tube which passes through bearings in the hull above the rudder, or with a stern-hung rudder, is the structure carrying all or some of the pintles or gudgeons on which the rudder pivots.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ruffle

A serrated iron ring attached to the barrel of the anchor [[#lua error: not enough memory.|winch]] and to which the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pawl]] is applied to prevent backruns of the anchor chain.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rum-runner

See go-fast boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rummage

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. A place or room for the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stowage]] of cargo in a vessel.

2. The act of stowing cargo aboard a vessel.

3. To arrange (cargo, goods, etc.) in the hold of a vessel; to move or rearrange such goods; the pulling and moving about of packages incident to close stowage aboard a vessel.

4. To search a vessel for smuggled goods, e.g. "The customs officers rummaged the ship."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">rummage sale

A sale of damaged cargo (from French arrimage).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">run

1. The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of the underwater body of a ship from where it begins to curve upward and inward.

2. A voyage, particularly a brief or routine one.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">running before the windLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

Sailing more than about 160° away from the direction from which the wind is blowing (i.e. moving in the same or nearly the same direction as the wind). If moving directly away from the wind, it is called a dead run. Compare [[#lua error: not enough memory.|reaching]] and beating.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">running backstays

A backstay that can be released and moved out of the way so that it does not interfere with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]] or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spars]] on the leeward side. On [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tacking]], the new windward running backstay must be set up promptly to support the mast.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">running gear

1. The propellers, shafts, struts, and related parts of a motorboat.

2. The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|running rigging]] of a sailing vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">running light

An alternative term for [[#lua error: not enough memory.|navigation light]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">running rigging

Lua error: not enough memory.

[[#lua error: not enough memory.|Rigging]] used to manipulate [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spars]], etc. in order to control the movement of a sailing vessel. Contrast [[#lua error: not enough memory.|standing rigging]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

S

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">safe harbour

A harbour that provides safety from bad weather or attack.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">safe haven

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|safe harbour]], including natural harbours, which provide safety from bad weather or attack.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">safety briefing

See muster drill.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">saddle chock

A transverse beam placed over the transom with fairleads for mooring warps.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sagging

A condition in which the hull of a vessel deflects downward so the ends of the keel are higher than the middle. The opposite of hogging. Sagging can occur when the trough of a wave is amidships or during loading or unloading of a vessel and can damage her or even break her in half.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sail

1. A piece of fabric attached to a vessel and arranged such that it causes the wind to drive the vessel along. Sails are typically attached to the vessel and manipulated by sailors via a combination of mast, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spars]], and ropes.

2. The power harnessed by a sail or sails to propel a vessel.

3. To use sail power to propel a vessel.

4. A trip in a boat or ship, especially a sailboat or sailing ship.

5. In American usage, a tower-like structure on the dorsal (topside) surface of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submarines]] constructed since the mid-20th century. A submarine's sail is similar in appearance to a fabric sail or fin, and is referred to as a fin in British and Commonwealth usage. It also superficially resembles the conning tower of submarines built before the mid-20th century, but differs from a conning tower in that a submarine conning tower contained instruments and controls for the periscopes to direct the submarine and launch torpedo attacks, while a submarine sail (or fin) does not perform these functions.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sail drive

A non-steerable drive leg fitted through the bottom of a sailboat carrying a propeller. Compare azimuth thruster and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sterndrive]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sail loft

A large open space used by [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailmakers]] to spread out [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sail-plan

A set of drawings showing various sail combinations recommended for use in various situations.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sailing canal boat

See canal schooner.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sailing canal schooner

See canal schooner.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sailing skiff

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|skiff]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sailmaker

A craftsman who makes and repairs [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]], working either on shore in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail loft]] or aboard a large, oceangoing sailing ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sailorman

London term for a sailing barge, or a bargeman.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sally ship

A method of freeing a vessel grounded on mud, in which the crew forms a line and runs back and forth athwartships to cause her to rock back and forth, breaking the mud's suction and freeing her with little or no damage to the hull. When this is required, the crew is given the order "Sally ship!"

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">saloon

A social lounge on a passenger ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">saltie

Great Lakes term for a vessel that sails the oceans.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">salty dog

Slang for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailor]], especially for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaman]] in the navy.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">salvage tug

Lua error: not enough memory.

A specialized tugboat used to assist ships in distress or in danger of sinking, or to salvage ships which have already sunk or run aground.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">salvor

A person engaged in the salvage of a ship or items lost at sea.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sampan

A relatively flat-bottomed Chinese wooden boat from Lua error: not enough memory. long, generally used in coastal areas or rivers and as traditional fishing boats. Some have a small shelter, and they may be used as a permanent habitation on inland waters. It is unusual for sampans to sail far from land as they are not designed to survive rough weather.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sampson post

A strong vertical post used to fasten the anchor cable or mooring warps, for towing another vessel, or to support a ship's windlass, the heel of a ship's bowsprit, the base of a cargo derrick or any other heavy load. In a smaller vessel, is usually fastened to the keel at its lower end.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sandsucker

A barge that collects sand from the bottom of lakes.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">S.B. (or SB)Lua error: not enough memory.

Prefix for "sailing barge", used before a ship's name.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scandalize

To reduce the area and efficiency of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] by expedient means (slacking the peak and tricing up the tack) without properly reefing, thus slowing boat speed. Also used in the past as a sign of mourning.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scantlings

Dimensions of a ship's structural members, e.g. frame, beam, girder, etc.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">schooner

A type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts with the forward mast being no taller than the rear masts. First used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century. A topsail schooner has a square topsail (and may also have a topgallant) on the foremast.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">schooner barge

A type of barge either converted from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]] or purpose-built as a barge with a schooner rig, primarily in use from the 1860s to the 1940s, initially on the Great Lakes and later in salt-water environments as well. A schooner barge required a smaller crew than a schooner and needed to be towed, but under favorable conditions could hoist [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]]s to reduce fuel consumption by the vessel towing her.^[22]Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">schuyt

Another name for a Dutch barge.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scope

The length of cable extended when a ship rides at anchor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scow

1. A method of preparing an anchor for tripping by attaching an anchor cable to the crown and fixing to the ring by a light [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seizing]] (also known as becue). The seizing can be broken if the anchor becomes fouled.

2. A type of clinker dinghy, characteristically beamy and slow.

3. An inland racing boat with no keel, a large sail plan, and a planing hull.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scow schooner

A vessel with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|scow]]-like (def. 2) hull and a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]] rig. Scow schooners appeared on the Great Lakes during the 1820s and served there into the 20th century, and also were common on San Francisco Bay and in New Zealand.^[23]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scow sloop

A vessel with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|scow]]-like (def. 2) hull and a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sloop]] rig. Scow sloops were common in North America by 1725.^[23]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Screaming Sixties

Lua error: not enough memory.

Strong westerly winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, south of 60 degrees. They are stronger than the similar "Roaring Forties" to their north.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">screecher

A specialty sail which can be used as an upwind genoa sail, reaching sail, or downwind sail. The name comes from combining "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|spinnaker]]" and "reaching".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">screw

1. A propeller.

2. Propeller-driven (e.g. a screw frigate or screw sloop).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scud

A name given by sailors to the lowest clouds, which are mostly observed in squally weather.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scudding

A term applied to a vessel when carried furiously along by a tempest.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scull

1. (v.) In sport or recreational rowing, especially on inland water, to propel a boat by oars, where each of one or several persons uses two oars, one on each side of the boat. This contrasts with the maritime traditional working boat or naval usage, where this activity is called rowing.^[17]^{: Lua error: not enough memory., [135]}

2. (v.) To propel a boat with a single oar resting in a notch at the stern, using a figure of eight motion of the blade of the oar, which is continuously immersed in the water

3. (n.) An oar used for sculling

4. (n.) A boat propelled by sculling, generally for recreation or racing

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scuppers

Originally a series of pipes fitted through a ship's side from inside the thicker deck waterway to the topside planking in order to drain water overboard, with larger quantities drained through freeing ports, which were openings in the bulwarks.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scuttle

1. A small opening, or lid thereof, in a ship's deck or hull.

2. To sink a vessel deliberately.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scuttlebutt

1. A barrel with a hole in it, used to hold water that sailors would drink from. By extension (in modern naval usage), a shipboard drinking fountain or water cooler.

2. Slang for gossip.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">scuttling

Making a hole in the hull of a vessel or opening [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seacocks]], especially in order to sink a vessel deliberately.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea

1. The ocean.

2. A body of salt water smaller than an ocean and generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea.

3. A large lake, usually one with salty or brackish water.

4. The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|swell]] of an ocean or sea.

5. A single wave, e.g., "A large sea struck the ship."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea anchor

A stabilizer deployed in the water for heaving to in heavy weather. It acts as a brake and keeps the hull in line with the wind and perpendicular to the waves. Often in the form of a large bag made of heavy canvas. See also drogue.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea chest

A watertight box built against the hull of the ship communicating with the sea through a grillage, to which valves and piping are attached to allow water in for ballast, engine cooling, and firefighting purposes. Also, a wooden box used to store a sailor's effects.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea shanty/chanty/chantey

Work song to accompany rhythmical labor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea state

The general condition of the free surface on a large body of water with respect to wind waves and swell at a certain location and moment, characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and power spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind conditions or swell conditions change.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea trial

The testing phase of a boat, ship, or submarine, usually the final step in her construction, conducted to measure a vessel's performance and general seaworthiness before her owners take delivery of her.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seaboat

1. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship's boat]] kept ready for immediate use at sea, and used, for example, for retrieving a man overboard, or taking a boarding party to another vessel. Usually rigged with patent disengaging gear that allows both falls to be released simultaneously and quickly, so enabling the boat to be launched from a ship with way on.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. A term used for any vessel when assessing her physical behavior at sea. A vessel that performs well in challenging weather or sea conditions such as heavy seas is a good seaboat, while one which does not is a bad seaboat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seaboots

High waterproof boots for use at sea. In leisure sailing, known as sailing wellies.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seacock

A valve in the hull of a vessel used to allow seawater into or out of the vessel. Seacocks are used to admit seawater for purposes such as cooling an engine, feeding a saltwater faucet, or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|scuttling]] a vessel, or to drain a sink or toilet into the sea. On warships, seacocks may be used to flood ammunition magazines with seawater to prevent them from exploding during a fire.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seakeeping

The ability of a watercraft to remain [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaworthy]] in the conditions she encounters while underway. A vessel with a good seakeeping ability is very seaworthy even in rough weather.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sea-kindlyLua error: not enough memory.

(of a boat or ship) Having a comfortable motion in rough seasLua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sealer

A vessel designed for or engaged in seal hunting.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sealing

1. The hunting of seals.

2. The caulked floor of the hold. Also ceiling.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seaman

A generic term for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailor]], or (part of) a low naval rank.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seamount

A large geologic landform rising from the ocean floor that does not reach the surface; an underwater mountain.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seaworthy

Certified for and capable of safely sailing at sea.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">second mateLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship, third – or, on some ocean liners, fourth – in command; a watchkeeping officer, customarily the ship's navigator. Other duties vary, but the second mate is often the medical officer and in charge of maintaining distress-signaling equipment. On oil tankers, the second mate usually assists the chief mate with tank-cleaning operations.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">see you on the one - CUOTO

Used principally by pilots and river tug and barge deck and officer crew as a friendly farewell (similar to the phrase "catch you later") or more properly used in vessel to vessel VHF (or when needed ship's whistle) communication, along with its companion phrase "see you on the two" to indicate which side a head-to-head vessel crossing is going to occur. The correct response to the challenge is to repeat it back to the apposing vessel in agreement, and if not in agreement to ask for an alternative arrangement. The "on the one" indicates a single whistle sound signal, or port to port crossing, whilst "on the two" is a dual (two) whistle sound signal, or starboard to starboard crossing. In the US, a "one whistle" or port to port crossing is the normal and preferred crossing side.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seekers

London term for sailing barges that sought cargo, carrying cargo for other merchants at a fee, rather than for the owner.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seiner

A fishing vessel rigged to fish by seining.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">seize

To bind two ropes together with small line.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">self-sustaining

A merchant ship that can unload herself with no assistance from harbor facilities is self-sustaining, while a ship that needs harbor facilities to unload is non-self-sustaining. Self-sustaining ships are more expensive to build, maintain, and operate than non-self-sustaining ships, but have the advantage of being able to operate in less-developed ports that lack infrastructure.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">self-unloader

Great Lakes slang term for a vessel with a conveyor or some other method of unloading the cargo without shoreside equipment.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">semi-dreadnought

An advanced type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|predreadnought]] battleship of the very early 20th century with an "all-big-gun" armament of mixed calibers. A semi-dreadnought differed from a conventional predreadnought, which had only a few large guns for long-range fire and relied on an intermediate secondary battery used at shorter ranges for most of her offensive power, but also differed from a dreadnought battleship, which dispensed with an intermediate secondary battery in favor of an all-big-gun main battery of the same caliber for use at long range. A semi-dreadnought had greater firepower at longer ranges than a conventional predreadnought, but lacked the long-range firepower of a dreadnought.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sennet

Cord formed by plaiting rope-yarn by hand. There are many types of plait, which may be flat, round, or square in section, and many uses.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sennet whip

A summary punitive implement.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">serve

Cover a rope or splice by wrapping with thin line to protect it.^[1] Compare with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|whipping]]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">set

The direction toward which the current flows.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">settle

(of a ship or boat): sink lower in the water, often prior to sinking altogether.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sextant

A navigational instrument used to measure a ship's latitude.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shackle

U-shaped iron, with a screw pin at the open end used for securing [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stays]] to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]], allowing easy removal.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shaft

1. A propeller shaft. The term shaft can be used instead of "propeller" to describe the number of propellers a ship has, e.g., The ship has two shafts or The ship's engines drive three shafts.

2. To push or propel (a boat) with a pole.^[24]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shaft alley

The section of a ship that houses the propulsion shaft, running from the engine room to the stuffing box.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shaft log

A shaped piece of timber or metal fitted to a vessel's deadwood, keel, or keelson at the point where the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern tube]] passes through the hull.^[25]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shakedown cruise

Lua error: not enough memory.

A cruise performed before a ship enters service or after major changes such as a crew change, repair, or overhaul during which the performance of the ship and her crew are tested under working conditions.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shakes

Pieces of barrels or casks broken down to save space. They are worth very little, leading to the phrase "no great shakes".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shallop

1. A term used for a variety of boats and small ships used for coastal navigation beginning in the 17th century.

2. A large boat armed with cannon used by the Danes as gunboats during the Gunboat War (1807–1814).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shanghaied

The condition of a crewman involuntarily impressed into service on a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheave(traditionally pronounced "shiv")

The wheel in a block, which rotates as the rope runs.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheave-hole

A hole or slot in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]], fitted with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheave]] to allow a rope to run.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheer

The upward curve of a vessel's longitudinal lines as viewed from the side.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheer line

The intersection of the external hull surface and the main deck surface, shown by a line on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheer plan]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheer plan

In shipbuilding, a diagram showing an elevation of the ship's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheer]] viewed from the broadside.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheet

A rope attached to the clew and used to control the setting of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] in relation to the direction of the wind. The sheet is often passed through a tackle before being attach to fixed points on the deck, or in the case of a barge, to a traveller on the main horse.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheet anchor

Historically, the heaviest anchor aboard a sailing ship, to be used only in case of emergency, and located amidships. In more general usage, the term has come to mean a person or thing that is very reliable in times of emergency.^[26] For example, during the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson, he advocated, "the preservation of the General [Federal] Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad."Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sheet bend

A bend to attach a rope to a small eye or clew, e.g. to attach a hammock to a clew or a painter to the Jacobs Ladder.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shell

Lua error: not enough memory.

An extremely narrow, and often disproportionately long, rowing boat outfitted with long oars, outriggers to hold the oarlocks away from the boat, and sliding seats, specifically designed for racing or exercise.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shelter deck

An upper deck having no overhead protection from the weather itself, but sheltering the deck below it.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shift colors

1. Changing the flag and pennant display when a moored vessel becomes underway, and vice versa. A highly coordinated display that ships take pride in; the desired effect is that of one set of flags vanishing while another set flashes out at precisely the same time.

2. Slang for changing out of one's Navy uniform into civilian clothes to go ashore. (The US Navy's newsletter for retired personnel is nicknamed Shift Colors for this reason.)^[27]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shift tides

Sighting the positions of the Sun and Moon using a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sextant]], using a nautical almanac to determine the location and phase of the Moon, and calculating the relative effect of the tides on the navigation of the ship.^[28]^[29]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship

1. Strictly, a sailing vessel of three-masts or more and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] on all masts.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. More generally, any medium or larger seagoing vessel. Smaller vessels or those used in sheltered waters are generally called boats. Exceptions include submarines which are always referred to as boats.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

3. To send (an item or cargo) via waterborne transport, or in the derived meaning, by any means of transport (such as rail).^[30]

4. To bring something aboard a vessel.^[30]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}

5. To put something in its place aboard a vessel, ready for use.^[30]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}

6. To take employment to serve aboard a vessel.

7. To embark or travel on a vessel.

8. To take water over the bow or sides of a vessel, e.g., "The freighter shipped a great deal of water during the storm."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship a sea

(Of a ship or boat): be flooded by a wave.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship breaking

Lua error: not enough memory.

The demolition of ships for spare parts and scrap metal. A ship on her way to be scrapped is said to be going to the breakers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship cemetery

Another name for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship graveyard]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship classification society

Lua error: not enough memory.

A non-governmental organization that establishes and maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship]]s and offshore structures.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship-of-the-line

A type of sailing warship constructed from the 1600s through the mid-1800s to serve as part of the line of battle; one of the largest and most powerful warships of the era.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship graveyard

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. A location where the hulls of discarded ships are left to decay and disintegrate.

2. An area where [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shipwrecks]] accumulate due to hazardous navigation conditions, deliberate [[#lua error: not enough memory.|scuttling]], or losses in combat.

3. An anchorage for ships of a reserve fleet.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship over

To reenlist. When a sailor extends his or her service another term.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship-polacca

A three-masted polacca.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship rigLua error: not enough memory.

See full-rigged ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship sloop

A type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sloop-of-war]] introduced in the 1740s that had three [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] masts (in contrast to the brig sloop introduced in the 1770s, which had two masts).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship stores

The materials, supplies and equipment required for the navigation, maintenance, operation and upkeep of a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship taken up from trade

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|STUFT]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship's bell

Striking the ship's bell is the traditional method of marking time and regulating the crew's watches. Each bell (from one to eight) represents a 30-minute period since the beginning of a four-hour watch. For example, in the classical system, "Three bells in the morning watch" represents 90 minutes since the beginning of the morning watch, or 5:30 AM. "Eight bells" indicates the end of a watch.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship's biscuit

See hard tack.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship's company

The crew of a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship's complement

The number of persons in a ship's crew, including officers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ship's husband

A legal term for an agent based on land, who has authority to make repairs and attend to the management, equipment, and general management of a ship in the home port.^[31]^[32]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ships husbandry

All aspects of maintenance, cleaning, and general upkeep of the hull, rigging, and equipment of a ship. It may also be used to refer to aspects of maintenance which are not specifically covered by the technical departments.^[33]^[34]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipbreach

Another name for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shipwreck]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipping

1. Passage or transport on a ship; maritime transport.

2. The body of ships belonging to one country, port, or industry.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipwreck

1. The remains of a ship that has sunk.

2. The remains of a ship that has run aground such that she is no longer [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaworthy]].

3. An event in which a ship sinks or otherwise becomes a wreck.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipwrecking

To wreck a ship through a mishap.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipwrecked

A person marooned due to the loss of a ship he or she was aboard is said to be shipwrecked.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipwright

A person who designs, builds, and repairs ships, especially wooden ones.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shipyard

A facility where [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ships]] or boats are built and repaired. Routinely used as a synonym for dockyard, although dockyard is sometimes associated more closely with a facility used for maintenance and basing activities, while shipyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used in construction.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shoal

Shallow water that is a hazard to navigation.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shoal draught

An especially shallow draught on a vessel, making the vessel capable of sailing in unusually shallow water.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shore leave

Free time given to officers and crew of a naval vessel when they are off duty and allowed to disembark and spend time on land. See also liberty.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">short stay

The relative slackness of an anchor chain; "short stay" means the chain is somewhat slack, and neither vertical nor fully extended.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shorten

1. To take in the slack of (a rope).

2. To reduce (sail) by taking it in, e.g. "shorten sail".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shot across the bow

A shot fired close to and in front of a moving vessel to warn her to stop, often for boarding.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Shrieking Sixties

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|screaming Sixties]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shrimper

A fishing vessel rigged for shrimp fishing.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shroud

A rope or cable serving to support a mast from either side.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">shrouds

Standing rigging running from a mast to the sides of a ship to support the mast sideways. The shrouds work with the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stays]], which run forward and aft, to support the mast's weight.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sick bay

A compartment reserved for medical purposes.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sideboy

One of an even-numbered group of seamen posted in two rows on the quarterdeck when a visiting dignitary boards or leaves the ship, historically to help (or even hoist) him aboard.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sided

(of a timber in a wooden hull) The identifier of a measurement of a timber in a wooden hull, used, together with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|moulded]], instead of width and thickness which could be ambiguous – length, the third dimension is not ambiguous. Sided identifies the measure across the surface of an individual timber which is at right angles to the moulded direction. Therefore this is the dimension across the top of a keel, the fore and aft face of a frame, or the athwartships face of stem or stern post.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sidewheel

1. A side-mounted paddle wheel used for propulsion by a paddle steamer.

2. Propelled by sidewheels (e.g. "sidewheel steamer").

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sidewheeler

A paddle steamer propelled by a pair of paddle wheels, one mounted on each side.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">single-bankedLua error: not enough memory.

(of the arrangement of oars on a boat) having only one oarsman seated on each [[#lua error: not enough memory.|thwart]], operating one oar on one side of the boat, with the oars alternating between port and starboard along the length of the boat. This contrasts with double-banked, where two oarsmen are seated on each thwart, each of whom operates one oar on their side of the boat. A third arrangement is to have one rower on each thwart working two oars, one on each side of the boat.^[17]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">single up

to reduce the number of mooring lines to a minimum immediately prior to getting under way. In a small vessel this would usually be a reduction to a mooring line at just the bow and the stern. In a larger vessel this may be a reducton to headrope, sternrope and two springs.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">siren

A sound signal that uses electricity or compressed air to actuate either a disc or a cup-shaped rotor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sister ship

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship]] of the same class as, and therefore virtually identical in design and appearance to, another ship. Sister ships share an identical or nearly identical hull and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|superstructure]] layout, similar displacement, and roughly comparable features and equipment. Often, sister ships become more differentiated during their service lives as their equipment (and, in the case of military ships, their armament) are separately altered.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skaffie

A type of small sailing vessel used for fishing, primarily during the 19th century and mostly in the Moray Firth region of Scotland.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skeg

A downward or sternward projection from the keel in front of the rudder. Protects the rudder from damage, and in bilge keelers may provide one "leg" of a tripod on which the boat stands when the tide is out.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skeleton crew

A minimal crew, usually employed during an emergency or when a vessel is inactive, generally consisting of the minimum number of personnel required to maintain or operate the vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skiff

A small boat, traditionally a coastal or river craft, for leisure or fishing, with a single person or small crew. Sailing skiffs have developed into high-performance competitive classes.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skipjack

A type of sailboat used as a traditional fishing boat on the Chesapeake Bay for oyster dredging. It arose around the end of the 19th century as the successor to the bugeye as the chief oystering boat on the bay.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skipper

The captain of a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skysail

A square [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] set above the royals, typically only carried by large barques and ships, such as the Primrose Hill (1885), Oweenee (1819), and Mushkosa (1819).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">skyscraper

A small triangular sail above the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|skysail]]. Used in light winds on a few ships.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slack tide

The period between rising tide and falling tide, or the period between falling tide and rising tide when there is no tidal-induced current.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slamming

Slamming occurs when wave or wind action cause part of the vessel to rise out of the water and then slam back down onto the surface of the sea.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slave ship

A large cargo ship specially converted for the transportation of slaves in the slave trade. Also known as a slaver or Guineaman, the latter term deriving from the Guinea coast of West Africa.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slaver

Another name for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|slave ship]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slide

The cabin hatch on a barge.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sling

1. To pass a rope around something in preparation for attaching a hoisting or lowering tackle to it.

2. A band of rope or iron for securing a yard to a mast; chiefly used in the plural, slings.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slip

1. To let go a rope at a precise moment, such as when releasing the last attachment to a buoy, when getting under way.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. To slip an anchor: to let go the anchor cable, abandoning the anchor so as to get under way in an emergency, rather than spend time hauling in the cable to raise the anchor in the normal way. The released anchor cable is usually buoyed to aid recovery later.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

3. The difference between the theoretical distance traveled per revolution of a vessel's propeller and the actual advance of the vessel.

4. In marine engineering, the motion of the center of resistance of the float of a paddle wheel or the blade of an oar through the water horizontally.

5. In marine engineering, the difference between a vessel's actual speed and the speed it would have if the propelling instrument acted upon a solid.

6. In marine engineering, the velocity of the backward current of water produced by the propeller relative to still water.

7. In marine insurance, a memorandum of the particulars of a risk for which a policy is to be executed, usually bearing the broker's name and initialled by the underwriters.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slip rope

A mooring rope that is intended to be the last to be released when getting under way and is arranged so that it can be released from on-board. An example of this would be a rope that is led from the ship (or boat), through a ring on a mooring buoy, and then back to the ship.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slipway

A ramp on the shore by which ships or boats can be moved to and from the water. Slipways are used for building and repairing ships and boats. They are also used for launching and retrieving small boats on trailers towed by automobiles and flying boats on their undercarriage.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sloop

In modern usage (from circa 1850s), a single-masted fore and aft sailing rig with one headsail set on the forestay, and a mainsail abaft the mast. The sloop rig is very common in modern leisure sailing vessels. In older usage, a sloop may have more than one headsail, but with the jib (the outer headsail) also set on a stay. This differentiates from a cutter of the same era, where the jib would be set flying and a running bowsprit was used. Any bowsprit that might be fitted on a sloop was part of the standing rigging and remained in place at all times.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sloop-of-war

1. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a small sailing warship carrying 18 or fewer guns with a single continuous gundeck.

2. In the 18th and 19th centuries, any sailing warship bearing fewer than 20 guns.

3. In the 19th-century US Navy, the term used for the type of sailing warship known in other navies as a corvette.

4. In the early and mid-20th century, a small oceangoing warship not intended for fleet deployments, and used instead for convoy escort, gunboat duties, etc.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slop chest

A ship's store of merchandise, such as clothing, tobacco, etc., maintained aboard merchant ships for sale to the crew.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slush

Greasy substance obtained by boiling or scraping the fat from empty salted meat storage barrels, or the floating fat residue after boiling the crew's meal. In the Royal Navy, it was a perquisite of the ship's cook, who could sell it or exchange it (usually for alcohol) with other members of the crew. Used for greasing parts of the running rigging of the ship and therefore valuable to the master and bosun.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">slush fund

The money obtained by the cook selling [[#lua error: not enough memory.|slush]] ashore. Used for the benefit of the crew (or the cook).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">smack

A traditional fishing boat used off the coast of England and the Atlantic coast of America for most of the 19th century and in small numbers up to the mid-20th century. Originally a cutter-rigged sailing boat, after about 1865 lengthened and given a ketch rig. Some had a topsail on the mizzen mast, others a bowsprit carrying a jib.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">small bower

The smaller of two anchors carried in the bow.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">smoking lamp

Restricted flame source lighted only during authorized smoking hours.^[14]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snag

1. Snag, also deadhead: A tree or tree branch fixed in the bottom of a navigable body of water and partially submerged or rising nearly to the surface that can pierce and sink vessels. Snags were a particularly severe hazard in the 19th and early 20th centuries; to be snagged is to suffer damage from or to be sunk by such a hazard.

2. An underwater obstruction on which equipment trailed from a vessel, such as fishing lines and nets, becomes caught, sometimes resulting in loss of the equipment.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snagboat

A river boat resembling a barge with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|superstructure]] for crew accommodations, equipped with deck-mounted cranes and hoists for removing [[#lua error: not enough memory.|snag]]s and other obstructions from rivers and other shallow waterways.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snatch block

A block with one cheek that is hinged, so that the bight of a rope can be inserted in the block (as opposed to threading the end of the rope into an ordinary block).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snipe

1. Member of a ship's engineering department.

2. Mythical object of a "snipe hunt" for inexperienced crewmembers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snotter

A short rope, spliced together at the ends and covered with hide, that is seized to the mast to hold the lower end of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sprit]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snotty

Royal Navy slang for a midshipman.^[35]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snow

A form of brig where the gaff [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spanker]] or driver is rigged on a "snow mast", a lighter [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] supported in chocks close behind the mainmast.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snubLua error: not enough memory.

To quickly stop a line that is running out - usually by taking or tightening a turn on a bollard, cleat or winch drum.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">snug loaded

When all the cargo on a barge is stowed below in the hold and there is nothing on deck. In contrast to carrying a stack.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">soft eye

An eye splice without a thimble fitted.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">SOG

An abbreviation of "speed over ground", the speed of the vessel relative to the Earth (and as shown by a GPS). Referenced on many fishing forums.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">SONAR

1. An acronym for "SOund Navigation And Ranging", a method of using sound pulses to detect, range, and sometimes image underwater targets and obstacles or the bed of the sea. See also echo sounding and ASDIC.

2. The equipment used to conduct such searches, ranging, and imaging.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">SOS

International distress signal.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sou'wester

1. A storm originating from the southwest.

2. A type of waterproof hat with a wide brim over the neck, worn in storms.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">soul, souls

With a quantifier, can apply to the number of people on board ship; hence, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|SOS]], "Save Our Souls".^[36]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sounding

Measuring the depth of the water. Traditionally done by "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|swinging the lead]]", now more commonly by echo sounding.

File:Heaving the lead.jpg

Sounding]]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spanker

A fore-and-aft or gaff-rigged [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] on the aftmost mast of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] vessel and the main fore-and-aft sail (spanker sail) on the aftmost mast of a (partially) fore-and-aft rigged vessel such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]], barque, or barquentine.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spanker-mast

The aftmost mast of a fore-and-aft or gaff-rigged five-masted vessel such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]] or barquentine. A full-rigged ship has a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spanker sail]] but not a spanker-mast (see jigger-mast).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spar

A wooden (in later years also iron or steel) pole used to support various pieces of rigging and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]]. The big five-masted full-rigged tall ship Preussen (German spelling: Preußen) had crossed 30 steel yards, but only one wooden spar – the little gaff of its [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spanker]] sail.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spar torpedo

A weapon consisting of a bomb placed at the end of a long [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] and attached to a boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">speaking tube

See communication tube.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spencer

A trysail.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spider band

Lua error: not enough memory.

An iron band around the base of a mast that holds a set of iron belaying pins.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spindrift

Finely divided water swept from the crests of waves by strong winds. The presence of spindrift may be used to approximately estimate wind speed.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spinnaker

1. A large [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] flown in front of the vessel while heading downwind.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. A headsail set windward when running before the wind. The bargeman's spinnaker is his topmast [[#lua error: not enough memory.|staysail]], tacked to the mast, and sheeted round the weather crosstree.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spinnaker pole

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] used to help control a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spinnaker]] or other headsail.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spirketting

The thicker planks of the ceiling, found at the bottom of the hold and continuing up the inside of the hull to the start of the quickwork (or lining).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">splice

To join lines (ropes, cables, etc.) by unravelling their ends and intertwining them to form a continuous line; to form an eye or a knot by splicing.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">splice the mainbrace

An order given aboard naval vessels to issue the crew with a drink, traditionally grog. The phrase "splice the mainbrace" is used idiomatically meaning to go ashore on liberty, intending to go out for an evening of drinking.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">splinter fleet

Lua error: not enough memory.

Informal term for wooden boats of various types the United States armed forces used during World War II. Some of the boats were civilian vessels brought into service for the war, while others were built during the war specifically for wartime service. Some were transferred to Allied countries.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">split lugsail

Two sails, foresail and mainsail on a lugsail yard, removing the need to dip the yard around the mast every time the vessel tacked.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sponson

A projection from the side of a vessel for protection, stability, or the mounting of equipment such as armaments or lifeboats. A sponson that extends a hull dimension at or below the waterline serves to increase flotation or add lift when underway. In salvage of a damaged or disabled vessel, a sponson may be a flotation tank attached to provide stability or buoyancy.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spoke

Spoke (to) another ship, as in "Spoke a brig from Rio" in Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sponsor

The person, traditionally a woman, who christens a ship at its launching ceremony.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spotting top

A platform on a mast used to aid in gun laying.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spreader

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] on a sailboat used to deflect the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]] to allow them to better support the mast.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spring

A mooring warp that goes from the bow to a position on the quayside level with the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] (backspring) or led forward from the stern to a point level with the bow (forespring). A spring may be used in conjunction with the engine to swing the bow or stern away from a quayside to enable safe departure.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">springs

Big tides caused by the alignment of the Moon and Sun.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sprit

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] that supports a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spritsail]]. It is attached to the mast near the deck and extends diagonally up to the peak of the sail. It is steadied by vangs.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spritsail

1. A fore-and-aft [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]], where the peak is supported by a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sprit]]. It may be free-footed or use a boom.

2. A rig that uses a spritsail.^[1]

3. A square-sail flown beneath the bowsprit.^[37]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sprittie

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spritsail]]-rigged barge.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">spurling pipe

A pipe that connects to the chain locker, from which the anchor chain emerges onto the deck at the bow of a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">squadron

1. In general, any significant group of warships considered too small to be a fleet, but otherwise not strictly defined by size. In some navies, the term flotilla may be used instead of or in addition to squadron.

2. Such a group of warships assigned to and named after a particular ocean, sea, or geographical region, commanded by an admiral who may be the naval commander-in-chief in that theatre, e.g. the Asiatic Squadron, the North Atlantic Squadron, etc.; generally synonymous with similar naval formations known as [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stations]].

3. During the Age of Sail, a temporary subdivision of a fleet.

4. A temporary detachment of ships from a fleet.

5. Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a permanent battle formation of a fleet, equipped and trained to operate as a tactical unit under the overall command of the fleet or when detached from the fleet.

6. Especially in modern usage, an administrative naval command responsible for the manning, training, supply, and maintenance of a group of ships or submarines but not for directing their operations at sea.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">square

To place at right angles with the mast or keel and parallel to the horizon, e.g. "to square the yards".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">square meal

A sufficient quantity of food. Meals on board ship were served to the crew on a square wooden plate in harbor or at sea in good weather. Food in the Royal Navy was invariably better or at least in greater quantity than that available to the average landsman. However, while square wooden plates were indeed used on board ships, there is no established link between them and this particular term. The OED gives the earliest reference from the US in the mid-19th century.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">square rigLua error: not enough memory.

A generic type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on yards that are perpendicular, or "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|square]]", to the keel of the vessel and to the masts. A ship mainly so rigged is said to be square-rigged.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">square rigger

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">squared away

Yards held rigidly perpendicular to their masts and parallel to the deck. This was rarely the best trim of the yards for efficiency but made a pretty sight for inspections and in harbor. The term is applied to situations and to people figuratively to mean that all difficulties have been resolved or that the person is performing well and is mentally and physically prepared.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">squat effect

The phenomenon by which a vessel moving quickly through shallow water creates an area of lowered pressure under its keel that reduces the ship's buoyancy, particularly at the bow. The reduced buoyancy causes the ship to "squat" lower in the water than would ordinarily be expected, and thus its effective draught is increased.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">squid

A derogatory term for a US Navy sailor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">S.S. (or SS)Lua error: not enough memory.

To the purist, a prefix for Screw Steamer (i.e. with screw propulsion, meaning propellers). It is used before the name of a ship. Compare with "PS", which stands for "Paddle Steamer". Widely used as an abbreviation for "Steam Ship".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stack

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. Another name for a funnel.

2. Deck cargo.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stack marking

A logo or other type of livery on a ship′s [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stack]] indicating which private entity, such as a shipping line, or government agency owns or operates her. Generally, all the ships belonging to the fleet of a single company or agency will have the same stack marking.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stackie

A barge designed to take a large deck cargo, usually of hay or straw needed to feed working horses.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stanchion

A vertical post near the edge of a deck that supports life-lines; a timber fitted in between the frame heads on a wooden hull or a bracket on a steel vessel, approx one meter high, to support the bulwark plank or plating and the rail.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stand

(of a ship or its captain) To steer, sail, or steam, usually used in conjunction with a specified direction or destination, e.g. "The ship stood out of the harbor" or "The ship stood toward the east" or "The ship stood toward the missing vessel's last known position".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stand-on (vessel)

A vessel directed to keep her course and speed where two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve a risk of collision.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">standing part

The section of a rope at a cleat or a block that is under tension, as opposed to the loose end.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">standing rigging

Rigging that supports masts and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spars]] and is not manipulated during normal operations. Contrast running rigging.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stanliff

A heavy wire cable attached to the mast at the hounds to support the weight of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spritsail]] at the heel.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">starboard

The right side of a ship or boat; towards the right-hand side of a vessel facing forward (toward the bow).^[1] Denoted with a green light at night. Derived from the old steering oar or "steerboard", which preceded the invention of the rudder.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">starboard tack

When sailing with the wind coming from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|starboard]] side of the vessel. Vessels on starboard tack generally have right-of-way over vessels on port tack.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">starter

A rope used as a punitive device. See teazer and togey.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stateroom

1. A superior cabin for a vessel's officer.

2. In American usage, a private passenger cabin on a transport or cruise ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">station

1. In chiefly 19th- and early 20th-century usage, a naval formation under a commander-in-chief who controls all naval operations, and sometimes all naval shore facilities, within a specified geographic area (e.g. the China Station, the East Indies Station, etc.); sometimes synonymous with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|squadron]].

2. In Newfoundland, a harbour or cove with a foreshore suitable for a facility to support nearby fishing.

3. Naval station: a naval base (a naval air station is a base for naval aircraft).

4. Coaling station: a facility that supplies ships with coal.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">station ship

A ship assigned to a particular station, such as a port or a geographic area, usually to support naval vessels and operations. A station ship may patrol the local area, or provide personnel to other ships, or provide fuel or services such as repairs.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stayLua error: not enough memory.

1. A strong rope supporting a mast and leading from the head of one mast down to some other mast or other part of the vessel; any rigging running fore (forestay) and aft (backstay) from a mast to the hull. The stays support a mast's weight forward and aft, while the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]] support its weight from side to side.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. To incline forward, aft, or to one side by means of stays, e.g. to "stay a mast".

3. To tack; put on the other tack, e.g. to "stay ship".

4. To change; tack; go about; be in stays, as a ship.

5. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|station]] or fixed anchorage for vessels.

6. In stays or hove in stays: in the act of going about while tacking.

7. Miss stays: an unsuccessful attempt to tack.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stayfall

A flexible wire cable rove through blocks, one on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stemhead]] and one on the end of the forestay. This is the means by which the mainmast is lowered.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">staysail

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] whose luff is attached to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stay]]. If set on the most forward (or only) [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]], a staysail is a headsail. Where more than one headsail is set, the staysail is generally the one closest to the mast.^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory., headsail}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steamer

Lua error: not enough memory.

A vessel equipped with steam propulsion.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steerage

1. The effect of the helm on a vessel; the act of steering a vessel.

2. A 19th- and early 20th-century term for the section of a passenger ship that provided inexpensive accommodation with no individual cabins.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steerageway

The minimum speed at which a vessel answers the helm, below which she cannot be steered. Speed sufficient for the rudder to "bite".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steering flat

The compartment on a vessel that contains the steering gear.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steering oarLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A long, flat board or oar that went from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] to well underwater, used to steer vessels before the invention of the rudder. Traditionally on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|starboard]] side of a ship (the "steering board" side).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steersman

Another name for a helmsman.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steeve

1. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] or derrick with a block at one end, used for stowing cargo.

2. To incline upwards at an angle (used especially of a bowsprit) rather than lie horizontally; to set at a particular upwards incline.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stem

1. An extension of the keel at the forward end of a ship.

2. On a barge, the foremost timber set vertically to the keel, forming the head of the stem; it carries the forestay and other rigging.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stern

The rear part of a ship, technically defined as the area built up over the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sternpost]], extending upwards from the counter rail to the taffrail. Contrast bow.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stern chaser

See chase gun.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stern tube

1. The tube under the hull bearing the tailshaft for propulsion (usually at the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]]).

2. A torpedo tube mounted in the stern of a submarine.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sterncastle

Another name for an aftercastle.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sterndrive <dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stern drive

Lua error: not enough memory.

A propeller drive system similar to the lower part of an outboard motor extending below the hull of a larger power boat or yacht, but driven by an engine mounted within the hull. Unlike a fixed propeller (but like an outboard), the boat may be steered by twisting the drive. See also inboard motor.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternender

Great Lakes slang for a vessel which has all of her cabins aft.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternlight

A white [[#lua error: not enough memory.|running light]] displayed on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of a vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternpicker

A gillnetter that fishes by deploying a gillnet from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternpost

The upright structural member (or post) at the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of a (usually wooden) ship or boat, to which are attached the transoms and the rearmost corner part of the stern. It rests on ("fays to") the ship's keel, and may be vertical or tilted ("raked") slightly aft.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternsheets

1. The area at the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of an open boat.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. The benches at the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of an open boat that forms the or seating in the stern.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternwalk

An external walkway or gallery for the use of officers installed on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]], chiefly of British warships until the early 20th century.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternway

The reverse movement of a boat or watercraft through the water.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternwheel

1. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]]-mounted paddle wheel used for propulsion by a paddle steamer.

2. Propelled by a sternwheel (e.g. a "sternwheel [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamer]]").

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sternwheeler

A paddle steamer propelled by a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sternwheel]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">steward

A member of a vessel's crew involved in commissary duties or in personal services to passengers or other crew members.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stiff

A stiff vessel is one with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|metacentric height]] high enough to make her more stable and less prone to rolling than other vessels. A stiff vessel contrasts with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tender]] vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stood

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stand]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stocks

The frame that supports a ship or boat when it is being built.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stoker

See fireman.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Stone Fleet

A fleet of old ships loaded with stone, sand, or dirt and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|scuttled]] by the United States Navy during the American Civil War to block ports of the Confederate States of America in 1861 and 1862.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stone frigate

Informal Royal Navy term for a naval shore establishment.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stopper knot

A knot tied in the end of a rope, usually to stop it passing through a hole; most commonly a figure-eight knot.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stoppers

A short rope to check a cable in a fixed position. Anchor stoppers hold the anchor when catted, bitt stoppers and deck stoppers are used to retain the cable when at anchor, shroud stoppers contain a damaged shroud, and foretack and sheet stoppers secure the tacks until they are belayed.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">storeship

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. During the Age of Sail and immediately afterwards, a captured ship used to stow supplies and other goods for naval purposes.

2. Since the mid-20th century, a type of naval ship that provides supplies, such as frozen, chilled, and dry provisions, and propulsion and aviation fuel to warships at sea for an extended period. In some navies, synonymous with replenishment oiler, fleet replenisher, or fleet tanker.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stoveLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

(past tense of stave, often applied as present tense) To smash inward; to force a hole or break in, as in a cask, door, ship's hull, or other (wooden) barrier.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stow

To store or put away, e.g. personal effects, tackle, or cargo.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stowage

The amount of room for storing materials on board a ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stowaway

A trespasser on a ship; a person aboard a ship without permission and/or without payment, who usually boards undetected, remains hidden aboard, and jumps ship just before making port or reaching a port's dock; sometimes found aboard and imprisoned in the brig until the ship makes port and the prisoner can be transferred to the custody of police or military.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">straggler

In a convoy, a ship that is unable to maintain speed and falls behind.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">straight decker

1. Originally, a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship]] built with her [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pilothouse]] forward and engines aft to provide a continuous hold in between, a design commonly associated with ships which operate on the Great Lakes in North America.

2. In more recent usage, a Great Lakes bulk carrier which lacks self-unloading machinery.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">strake

A continuous line of planking on a wooden hull going from bow to stern. In a small boat, this is usually a single plank, in a larger vessel a strake is several planks joined end to end. In a steel hull the same term can be applied to a continuous line of steel plates all fastened at the same level.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stretcher

An inclined foot rest attached to the boat, to which a rower may place and in some instances (usually in competition) attach his feet.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">strike

1. To haul down or lower (a flag, mast, etc.).

2. To surrender the vessel to the enemy, from "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|strike the colors]]".

3. To remove a naval vessel's name from a country's naval register (after which the vessel is considered stricken).

4. An attack by a naval combat asset.

5. To undergo training (as a "striker") to qualify for an enlisted rating.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">strike the colors

To surrender the vessel to an enemy, from the custom during the Age of Sail of lowering the vessel's ensign to indicate that she is surrendering.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">studding sailsLua error: not enough memory.

(pronounced Lua error: not enough memory.) Long and narrow [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]], used in lighter winds, on the outside of the large [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square sails.]]Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">STUFT

British and Commonwealth acronym for Ship Taken Up From Trade, which refers to a civilian ship requisitioned for naval or other government service.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stumpy

1. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spritsail]] barge without a topmast. Normal form before 1850, the stumpies sprit was longer than those used in topsail barges, as the mainsail was cut with a higher peak.^[1]Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. A tops'l barge underway without her topsails set.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">STW

An abbreviation of "speed through (the) water"; the speed of the vessel relative to the surrounding water (and as shown by a Log). Used in navigation.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">subchaser

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submarine chaser]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">submarine

1. Generally, a watercraft capable of independent operations underwater, able to renew its own power and breathing air. A submarine differs from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submersible]], which has more limited underwater capabilities. By naval tradition, any submarine is referred to informally as a "boat" regardless of its size.

2. Most commonly, a large, crewed vessel capable of independent underwater operations.

3. Historically and colloquially, a broad category of vessels capable of submerged operations, including large, crewed submarines but also medium-sized and smaller vessels such as midget submarines and wet subs and vessels technically considered submersibles because they require external support, such as remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">submarine chaser

Lua error: not enough memory.

A small naval vessel designed for antisubmarine warfare, introduced during World War I and obsolete by the late 20th century.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">submarine tender

A naval auxiliary ship designed to supply [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submarines]] and support their operations. Known in British English as a submarine depot ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">submersible

A small watercraft capable of operating underwater but which requires the support of a surface vessel, a surface platform, a shore team, or a larger undersea vessel such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|submarine]]. A submersible contrasts with a submarine in that a submarine is capable of fully autonomous operations, including generation of its own power and breathing air. However, colloquially, the term "submarine" often indiscriminately refers to any vessel capable of underwater operations, including those that technically are submersibles.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sunfish

A personal-sized, beach-launched sailing dinghy with a pontoon-type hull, daggerboard, and lateen sail mounted to an un-[[#lua error: not enough memory.|stayed]] mast.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">supercargo

A person aboard a vessel who is employed by the cargo owner. Duties include selling merchandise in ports, as well as buying and receiving goods for the return voyage.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">superfiring

Superfiring armament is a naval military building technique in which two (or more) turrets are located in a line, one behind the other, with the second turret located above ("super") the one in front so that the second turret can fire over the first.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">superstructure

The parts of a ship or boat, including a sailboat, fishing boat, passenger ship, or submarine, that project above her main deck. This does not usually include its masts or any armament turrets.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">surface warfare officer/specialist

U.S. Navy qualification and insignia for surface warfare training.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">surfboat

Lua error: not enough memory.

An oar-driven boat designed to enter the ocean from a beach in heavy surf or large waves. Surfboats often play a lifesaving or rescue role when rescuers need to reach victims of a mishap directly from a beach.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">surge

1. A vessel's transient motion in a fore and aft direction.

2. To let a small amount of rope on a bollard or winch drum pay out – a controlled slackening of a rope under tension.^[9]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">survey vessel

Any type of ship or boat that is used for mapping a body of water's bottom, benthic zone, full water column, and surface for purposes of hydrography, general oceanography, marine salvage, dredging, marine archaeology, or the study of marine habitats.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">S/V

An abbreviation of "Sailing Vessel", used before the ship's name.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swallow

The gap in the shell of a block through which a line passes over a sheave.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swatchway

A twisting channel navigable by shallow vessels at high water, generally found between sandbanks (e.g. in the Thames Estuary) or between a sandbank and the shore.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sway

1. A vessel's lateral motion from side to side.

2. (v.) To hoist, e.g. "sway up my dunnage".Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sweep

1. A long [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]] used to row, steer, or maneuver an unpowered lighter or sailing vessel when there is no wind.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. Rowing: A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rower]] who rows with a single [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]] and primarily on only one side of a boat.

3. (v.) To search for an underwater object using a towed submerged line or device which will snag on the target.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

4. (v.) To clear a body of water of dangers such s naval mines and obstructions, e.g., minesweeping.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swept

Cleared of dangers such as naval mines and obstructions, e.g., "The swept channel was safe for vessels to use."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swig <dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: -0.2em;">swigging

To take up the last bit of slack on a line such as a halyard, anchor line, or dockline by taking a single turn round a cleat and alternately heaving on the rope above and below the cleat while keeping the tension on the tail.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swimhead

Lua error: not enough memory.

Having a straight overhanging bow and stern.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swimmie

Lua error: not enough memory.

A barge with a square overhanging bow, such as a swimhead lighter.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">sweat

A technique to finally tension a halyard, by pulling alternatively on the tail from the cleat and at right angles on the taut standing line.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swinging the compass

Measuring the accuracy in a ship's magnetic compass so its readings can be adjusted, often accomplished by turning the ship and taking bearings on reference points. Essentially synonymous with "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|swinging the ship]]".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swinging the lamp

Telling sea stories. Refers to lamps slung from the deckhead that swing while at sea, and often used to describe a storyteller who is exaggerating.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swinging the lead

1. Measuring the depth of water beneath a ship using a lead-weighted sounding line. Regarded as a relatively easy job.

2. Feigning illness, etc., in order to avoid a difficult job.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">swinging the ship

Turning the ship and steadying her on various headings while taking bearings on reference points to measure the accuracy of her magnetic compass. Essentially synonymous with "[[#lua error: not enough memory.|swinging the compass]]".

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

T

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tabernacle

Lua error: not enough memory.

A large bracket attached firmly to the deck, to which the foot of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] is fixed. It has two sides or cheeks and a bolt forming the pivot around which the mast is raised and lowered.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tack

1. A leg of the route of a sailing vessel, particularly in relation to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tacking]] and to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|starboard tack]] and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|port tack]].

2. Another name for hardtack.

3. The front bottom corner of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]].^[1]

4. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rope]] or purchase holding down the clew of a course.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tacking

1. A sailing manoeuvre by which a sailing vessel whose desired course is into the wind (i.e. in the opposite direction from which the wind is blowing) turns its bow toward and through the wind, such that the direction from which the wind fills the sails changes from one side of the boat to the other, thereby allowing progress in the desired direction. A series of tacking moves, effectively "zig-zagging" back and forth across the wind, is called beating, and allows the vessel to sail directly upwind, which would otherwise be impossible.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. Another name for going about.

File:Tacking.svg

tacking]] manoeuvre. The red arrow is the direction of the wind; note how the side of the sail that is filled by the wind changes as the vessel turns its bow.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tacking duels

In sailboat racing, on an upwind leg of the race course, the complex manoeuvres of lead and overtaking boats to vie for the aerodynamic advantage of clear air. This results from the ongoing strategy of the lead boat's effort to keep the following boat(s) in the blanket of disturbed bad air he is creating.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tackle

A pair of blocks through which is rove a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rope]] to provide an advantageous purchase. Used for lifting heavy loads and to raise and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|trim]] [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tactical diameter

The perpendicular distance between a ship's course when the helm is put hard over and her course when she has turned through 180 degrees; the ratio of the tactical diameter divided by the ship's length between perpendiculars gives a dimensionless parameter that can be used to compare the manoeuvrability of ships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">taffrail

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rail]] at the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] of a boat that covers the head of the counter timbers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tail

The loose end of a rope that has been secured to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|winch]] or a cleat.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tailshaft

A kind of metallic shafting (a rod of metal) to hold the propeller and connected to the power engine. When the tailshaft is moved, the propeller may also be moved for propulsion.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">taken aback

An inattentive helmsman might allow the dangerous situation to arise where the wind is blowing into the sails "backwards", causing a sudden (and possibly dangerous) shift in the position of the sails.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">taking the wind out of his sails

To sail in a way that steals the wind from another ship. Compare [[#lua error: not enough memory.|overbear]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">taking on water

Lua error: not enough memory.

Said of a vessel, to fill with water slowly, either because of a leak or because of waves washing across the deck. The term can be used to describe water entering the vessel by waves washing over her bow or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]], e.g., "The freighter took water over her bow," or "The motorboat took water over her stern." A vessel which continues to take on water eventually will sink.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tall ship

A large, traditionally-rigged sailing vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tally

The operation of hauling aft the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheets]], or drawing them in the direction of the ship's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tankerLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A ship designed to transport liquids in bulk.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">target ship

A vessel, typically an obsolete or captured [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]], used for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing. The term includes both ships intended to be sunk and ships intended to survive and see repeated use as targets.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tartane

Lua error: not enough memory.

A small, lateen-rigged, single-[[#lua error: not enough memory.|masted]] sailing ship used in the Mediterranean for fishing and coastal trade from the 16th century to the late 19th century.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Task Force

Any temporary naval organisation composed of particular ships, aircraft, submarines, military land forces, or shore service units, assigned to fulfill certain missions. Seemingly drawn originally from Royal Navy heritage, the emphasis is placed on the individual commander of the unit, and references to "CTF" are common for "Commander Task Force".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tattle tale

Light cord attached to a mooring line at two points a few inches apart with a slack section in between (resembling an inchworm) to indicate when the line is stretching from the ship's rising with the tide. Obviously only used when moored to a fixed dock or pier and only on watches with a flood tide.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tell-taleLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A light piece of string, yarn, rope, or plastic (often magnetic audio tape) attached to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stay]] or a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shroud]] to indicate the local wind direction. They may also be attached to the surface and/or the leech of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] to indicate the state of the air flow over the surface of the sail. They are referenced when optimizing the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|trim]] of the sails to achieve the best boat speed in the prevailing wind conditions. See dogvane.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tender

1. n. A type of naval auxiliary ship designed to provide advanced basing services in undeveloped harbors to seaplanes, flying boats, torpedo boats, destroyers, or submarines.

2. n. Also ship's tender, a vessel used to provide transportation services for people and supplies to and from shore for a larger vessel.

3. n. A vessel used to maintain navigational aids, such as buoys and lighthouses.

4. adj. A tender vessel is one with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|metacentric height]] low enough to make her less stable and more prone to rolling than other vessels. A tender vessel contrasts with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stiff]] vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">stiff

A stiff vessel is one with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|metacentric height]] high enough to make it more stable and less prone to rolling than other vessels. A stiff vessel contrasts with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tender]] vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">T.E.V. (or TEV)Lua error: not enough memory.

A prefix for "turbo-electric vessel", used before a ship's name.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">texas

A structure or section of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamboat]] that includes the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pilothouse]] and the crew's quarters, located on the hurricane deck, in this case also called the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|texas deck]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">texas deck

Lua error: not enough memory.

The deck of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamboat]] on which its [[#lua error: not enough memory.|texas]] is located.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">thimble

A round or heart-shaped grooved ring of iron inserted into an eye-splice.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">third mate

Lua error: not enough memory.

A licensed member of the deck department of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|merchant ship]], typically fourth, or on some ocean liners fifth, in command; a watchkeeping officer, customarily also the ship's safety officer, responsible for the ship's firefighting equipment, lifeboats, and other emergency systems. Other duties of the third mate vary depending on the type of ship, its crewing, and other factors.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">third officer

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|third mate]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">thole pinLua error: not enough memory.

A vertical wooden peg or pin inserted through the gunwale to form a fulcrum for [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oars]] when rowing. Often used in pairs to create a gap in which the oar is placed, but used singly if the oar has a thickened section pierced with a hole which takes the thole pin. See also [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rowlock]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">throat

1. The forward top corner of a square fore-and-aft [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]].^[1]

2. The end of the gaff, next to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">three sheets to the wind

On a three-masted ship, having the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheets]] of the three lower courses loose will result in the ship meandering aimlessly downwind. Also used to describe a sailor who has drunk strong spirits beyond his capacity.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">thunderboat

Alternative term for a hydroplane.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">thwart

Lua error: not enough memory.

A bench seat across the width of an open boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tier

Vessels moored alongside each other offshore.^[38]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tiller

A lever used for steering, attached to the top of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder stock]]. Used mainly on smaller vessels, such as dinghies and rowing boats.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tilt boat

A square sail ferry operating out of Gravesend. Not less than 15 tons, carrying no more than 37 passengers, it had 5 oarsmen afore the mast.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">timber drogher

Another name for a disposable ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">timber ship

Another name for a disposable ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">timoneer

A name given, on particular occasions, to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steersman]] of a ship. From the French timonnier.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tin can

United States Navy slang for a destroyer; often shortened to can.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tinclad Lua error: not enough memory.

A lightly armored steam-powered river gunboat used by the United States Navy during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Also called a light draft. A tinclad had thin iron armor, or in some cases thick wooden bulwarks rather than armor, sufficient to protect her machinery spaces and pilothouse against rifle fire but not against artillery fire. A tinclad contrasted with an ironclad, which had armor thick enough for protection against artillery fire.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tingle

A thin temporary patch.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">toe-rail

A low strip running around the edge of the deck like a low bulwark. It may be shortened or have gaps in it to allow water to flow off the deck.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">toe the lineLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

At parade, sailors and soldiers were required to stand in line, their toes in line with a seam of the deck.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tompion

Lua error: not enough memory.

A block of wood inserted into the barrel of a gun on a 19th-century [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] to keep out the sea spray; also used for covers for the ends of the barrels of the guns on more modern ships, the larger of which are often adorned with the ship's crest or other decoration.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tonnage

1. Any of various measures of the size or cargo-carrying capacity of a ship in terms of weight or volume.

2. Builder's Old Measurement, also tons burden: a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity used to calculate the cargo capacity of a ship, used in England and later the United Kingdom, from approximately 1650 to 1849 and in the United States from 1789 to 1864. It estimated the tonnage of a vessel based on her length and maximum beam. The British formula yielded a slightly higher value than the U.S. formula.

3. Deadweight tonnage: the total weight a vessel can carry, exclusive of the mass of the vessel itself.

4. Displacement tonnage: the total weight of a vessel.

5. Gross register tonnage: the total internal volume of a vessel, with one gross register ton equal to 100 cubic feet (2.8316846592 cubic meters).

6. Gross tonnage: a function of the volume of all of a ship's internal spaces.

7. Lightship or lightweight tonnage: the weight of a ship without any fuel, cargo, supplies, water, passengers, etc. on board.

8. Net register tonnage: the volume of cargo a vessel can carry.

9. Net tonnage: the volume of all cargo spaces on a ship.

10. Thames Measurement tonnage: the volume of a small vessel, calculated based on her length and beam.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">top

The platform at the upper end of each (lower) [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] ship, typically one-fourth to one-third of the way up the mast. The main purpose of a top is to anchor the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]] of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topmast]] that extend above it. See also fighting top.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topgallant

The [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]] above the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tops]]. See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topgallant mast]] and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topgallant sail]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tophamper

1. A collective term for the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yards]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]], and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]] of a sailing ship, or for similarly insubstantial structures above the upper deck of any ship.^[39]

2. Unnecessary [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spars]] and rigging kept aloft on a vessel′s masts.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topman

A crewmember stationed in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|top]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topmast

The second section of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] above the deck; formerly the upper mast, later surmounted by the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topgallant mast]]; carrying the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topsails]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topmast pole

Part of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] between the hounds and the truck.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topping lift

A line that is part of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rigging]] on a sailing boat; it applies upward force on a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] or boom. The most common topping lift on a modern sailing boat is attached to the boom.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topsail

The second [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] (counting from the bottom) up a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]]. These may be either [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square]] sails or fore-and-aft ones, in which case they often "fill in" between the mast and the gaff of the sail below.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topsail schooner

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|schooner]] that sets a square [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topsail]] on yards carried on the foremast. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topgallant]] may also be set above the topsail. (The term does not apply to a schooner setting just fore and aft topsails above gaff sails.) There is some terminological variation, both over time and place, on what square sails a vessel may set and still be termed a schooner.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.^[40]^[41]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">topsides

The part of the hull between the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]] and the deck. See also above-water hull.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">torpedo

1. Prior to about 1900, the term for a variety of explosive devices designed for use in water, including [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mines]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar torpedoes]], and, after the mid-19th century, "automotive", "automobile", "locomotive", or "fish" torpedoes (self-propelled weapons which fit the modern definition of torpedo).

2. Since about 1900, a term used exclusively for a self-propelled weapon with an explosive warhead, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater towards a target, and designed to detonate either on contact with its target or in proximity to it.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">torpedo boat

A small, fast, cheap naval vessel of the latter part of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century designed to carry [[#lua error: not enough memory.|torpedo]]es into combat, thus threatening much larger [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]]s. Replaced during the second half of the 20th century by the fast attack craft.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">torpedo net

A heavy net a ship could deploy around herself using booms or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]]s while at anchor, moored, or otherwise stationary to protect herself from [[#lua error: not enough memory.|torpedo]] attack. A torpedo net hung at a distance from the hull sufficient to detonate a torpedo without significant damage to the ship. Torpedo nets first appeared in the late 1870s and were used through the World War I era, and they were used again during World War II.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">touch and go

1. The bottom of the ship touching the bottom, but not grounding.

2. Stopping at a dock or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pier]] for a very short time without tying up, to let off or take on crew or goods.

3. The practice of aircraft on aircraft carriers touching the carrier deck and taking off again without dropping hooks.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">towing

The operation pulling a vessel or equipment through the water by means of lines.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">traffic separation scheme

Shipping corridors marked by buoys that separate incoming from outgoing vessels. Sometimes improperly called sea lanes.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trailboard

A decorative board at the bow of a vessel, sometimes bearing the vessel's name.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">training ship

A ship used to train students as [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sailors]], especially a ship employed by a navy or coast guard to train future officers. The term refers both to ships used for training at sea and to old, immobile hulks used to house classrooms.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tramp freighter

A cargo ship engaged in the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tramp trade]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tramp steamer

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamship]] engaged in the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tramp trade]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tramp trade

The shipping trade on the spot market in which the vessels involved do not have a fixed schedule or itinerary or published [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ports of call]]. This contrasts with freight liner service, in which vessels make regular, scheduled runs between published ports.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tramper

Any vessel engaged in the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tramp trade]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">transmitting station

British term for a room located in the interior of a ship containing computers and other specialised equipment needed to calculate the range and bearing of a target from information gathered by the ship's spotters and range finders. These were designated "plotting rooms" by the United States Navy.^[42]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">transom

1. A lateral member fastened inside the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sternpost]], to which the hull and deckplanks are fitted.^[1]

2. The aft "wall" of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]]; often the part to which an outboard unit or the drive portion of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sterndrive]] is attached.

3. A more or less flat surface across the stern of a vessel. Dinghies tend to have almost vertical transoms, whereas [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yachts]]' transoms may be raked forward or aft.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Transom stern

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] which ends in a vertical "wall," or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|transom]], a flat area that extends from the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]] or a point above the waterline up to the deck.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">transport

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|troopship]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">travellers

1. Small fittings that slide on a track, rod, or line. The most common use is for the inboard end of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsheet]].

2. A more esoteric form of traveller consists of "slight iron rings, encircling the backstays, which are used for hoisting the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|top-gallant]] [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yards]], and confining them to the backstays".Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

An iron ring that moves on the main horse on a sailing barge. It is fitted with an eye onto which is hooked the main sheet, of the loose-footed [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainsail]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trawler

1. Commercial trawler: a fishing boat that uses a trawl net or dragnet to catch fish.

2. A fisherman who uses a trawl net.

3. Naval trawler: a converted trawler, or a boat built in that style, used for naval purposes.

4. Recreational trawler: a pleasure boat built in the style of a trawler.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">treenail

Lua error: not enough memory.

A wooden peg, pin, or dowel used to fasten pieces of wood together, such as the hull, gunwales, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|thwarts]], etc.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trial trip

A (usually short) voyage for a new ship to test its capabilities and ensure that everything is functioning correctly. A new ship will usually have one or more trial trips before embarking on its [[#lua error: not enough memory.|maiden voyage]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">triangular trade

A historical term for a pattern of trade among three [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ports]] or regions in which each port or region imports goods from one of the other two ports or regions in which there is no market for its exports, thus rectifying trade imbalances between the three ports or regions as well as allowing vessels to take the best advantage of prevailing winds and currents along the three trade routes. The best known example is the Atlantic triangular trade pattern of the late 16th through the early 19th centuries, in which vessels carried finished goods from northeastern North America or Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and cash crops and raw materials from the Americas to either northeastern North America or Europe.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trice

To lift up something by means of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rope]] running through a block set above it, to get it out of the way. Most commonly used in tricing up the tack of a loose-footed gaff sai to reduce sail area and (sometimes) to give better visibility to the helmsman.^[9]^{: Lua error: not enough memory.}Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trick

A period of time spent at the wheel, e.g. "my trick's over".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trim

1. The relationship of a ship's hull to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]].

2. Adjustments made to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sails]] to maximize their efficiency.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trimaran

A vessel with three hulls.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trimmerLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

A person responsible for ensuring that a vessel remains "in trim" (that the cargo and fuel are evenly balanced). An important task on a coal-fired vessel, as it could get "out of trim" as coal is consumed.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tripod mast

A type of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] introduced aboard [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warships]] in the first decade of the 20th century, consisting of three large cylindrical tubes or columns supporting a raised platform for lookouts and fire control equipment and later for radar antennas and receivers. In succeeding decades, tripod masts replaced the earlier pole masts and lattice masts. Tripod masts persisted in some navies until the 1960s, when plated-in structures began to replace them, and in other navies until the early 2000s, when [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stealth]] designs began to move away from any type of open mast.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tripping line

A buoyed line attached to the crown of an anchor to facilitate breaking it out.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">troller

A fishing vessel rigged to fish by trolling.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trooping

Operating as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|troopship]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">troopshipLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

Any ship used to carry soldiers. Troopships are not specially designed for military operations and, unlike landing ships, cannot land troops directly onto a shore; instead they unload troops at a harbor or onto smaller vessels for transportation to shore.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">truck

1. A circular disc or rectangle of wood or a wooden ball- or bun-shaped cap near or at the top of a wooden mast, usually with holes or sheaves in it through which signal halyards can be passed. Trucks are also used on wooden flagpoles to keep them from splitting. The main truck is located on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|main mast]], the mizzen truck on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mizzen mast]], and so on.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. A temporary or emergency place for a lookout.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">true bearing

An absolute bearing using [[#lua error: not enough memory.|true north]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">true north

The direction of the geographical North Pole.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">truncated counter

A counter [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]] that has been truncated to provide a kind of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|transom]]. It may have windows, serving a large aft stateroom. Popular on larger cruising yachts.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">truss

The rope or iron used to keep the center of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yard]] to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">trysail

Lua error: not enough memory.

A small, strong, fore-and-aft [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] set abaft (behind) the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mainmast]] or other mast of a sailing vessel in heavy weather.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tugboat

Lua error: not enough memory.

A boat that manoeuvers other vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs are powerful for their size and strongly built, and some are ocean-going.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tumblehome

A hull shape, when viewed in a transverse section, in which the widest part of the hull is someway below deck level.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tuna clipper

A fishing boat based on the United States West Coast and used for commercial tuna fishing. A typical tuna clipper is diesel-powered, has her deckhouse forward and her bait tanks aft, and is outfitted with iron racks around her [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stem]] from which her crew uses heavy bamboo poles to fish for tuna.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">turn

A knot passing behind or around an object.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Turn To (Turn Two)

A term meaning "get to work", often hand-signed by two fingers and a hand motion in turning fashion.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">turnbuckle

See bottlescrew.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">turret

1. Originally (in the mid-to-late 19th century), a rotating, enclosed, armored, cylindrical box with guns that fired through gunports. Turret-equipped ships contrasted sharply with those equipped with barbettes, which in the second half of the 19th century were open-topped armored rings over which rotating gun(s) mounted on a turntable could fire.

2. Since the late 19th century, an enclosed, armored, rotating gunhouse mounted above a barbette, with the gun(s) and their rotating turntable mounted in the barbette protected by the gunhouse; in 20th- and 21st-century usage, this generally is any armored, rotating gun installation on a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">turtleback deck

A weather deck that has a distinct convex rounded over shape, similar to the back of a turtle. Used on ships of the whaleback type and on the forward weather deck of torpedo boats."^[43]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">turtling

In dinghy sailing especially (but also in other boats), a boat is said to be "turtling" or to "turn turtle" when the boat is fully inverted with the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] pointing near vertically downwards, but may remain floating.^{[upper-alpha 1]}^[44]^[45]^[46]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tweendeck

A deck on a general cargo ship located between the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|main deck]] (or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|weather deck]]) and the hold space. A general cargo ship may have one or two tweendecks (or none at all).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tweendeck space

The space on a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tweendeck]] available for carrying cargo or other uses.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tweendecker

A general cargo ship equipped with one or more [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tweendecks]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">two six heave

A command used to co-ordinate a group of people pulling on a rope. Originally a sailing navy term referring to the two members of a gun crew (numbers two and six) who ran out the gun by pulling on the ropes that secured it in place.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">two blocks

When the two blocks in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tackle]] have become so close that no further movement is possible as in chock-a-block.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">tye

A chain or rope used for hoisting or lowering a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yard]]. A tye runs from the horizontal center of a given yard to a corresponding [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] and from there down to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tackle]]. Sometimes more specifically called a chain tye or a rope tye.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

U

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">unassisted sailing

Any sailing voyage, usually single-handed, with no intermediate stops or physical assistance from external sources.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">under the weather

Serving a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|watch]] on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|weather side]] of the ship, exposed to wind and spray.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">underway

Lua error: not enough memory.

(of a vessel) At sea; i.e. not at anchor, made fast to the shore, or aground. This definition has legal importance in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea.^[47]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">underwater hullLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

The underwater section of a vessel beneath the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]], normally not visible except when in drydock or, historically, when careened.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">underway replenishment

A method employed by navies to transfer fuel, munitions, and stores from one ship to another while [[#lua error: not enough memory.|underway]]. Sometimes abbreviated as UNREP.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">U.N.P.O.C.

An abbreviation for "Unable to navigate, probably on course"; a 19th-century term used in log books of vessels left without accurate navigational guidance due to poor visibility and/or proximity to the North Pole (where magnetic compasses are difficult or impossible to use). Dropped out of common usage in the 1950s with improvements in maritime navigational aids.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">unreeve

To pull a rope from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheave]] or block.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">unship

1. To remove from a vessel.

2. To remove an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oar]] or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mast]] from its normal position.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">up-and-down

The description given to the position of the anchor chain, usually used when the anchor is being raised and indicating that the chain has been hauled in tightly such that the vessel is floating directly above the anchor, which is just about to be broken out of the ground. Used more rarely to refer to a situation where the anchor chain is slack and hangs vertically down from the hawsepipe.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">up-behind

An order to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|slack]] off quickly and run slack to a belaying point. This order is given when a line or wire has been stopped off or falls have been four-in-hand and the hauling part is to be belayed.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">upbound

1. Traveling upstream, against the current.^[48]

2. In the Great Lakes region, traveling westward (terminology used by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation).^[49]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">uppers

Lua error: not enough memory.

The brails above the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|mains]].^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">upper-yardmen

Specially selected personnel destined for high office.Lua error: not enough memory.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

V

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">V-hull

The shape of a boat or ship in which the sections of the hull bottom slope downward in a straight line to the keel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">vang

1. A line leading from the gaff to either side of the deck, used to prevent the gaff from sagging.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. One of a pair of ropes leading from the deck to the head of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spritsail]]. It steadies the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sprit]] and can be used to control the sail's performance during a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tack]]. The vang fall blocks are mounted slightly afore the main horse while rolling vangs are extra [[#lua error: not enough memory.|preventers]] which lead forward to keep the sail to leeward in heavy weather.^[1]

3. An abbreviation of boom vang or gaff vang.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">vanishing angle

The maximum degree of heel after which a vessel becomes unable to return to an upright position.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">vedette

Lua error: not enough memory.

A small naval patrol boat used for scouting enemy forces.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">veer away

To let go a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rope]] gently.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">vertical replenishment

A method of supply of seaborne vessels by helicopter. Abbreviated VERTREP.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">very good

An affirmative response given by a senior to the report of a junior, e.g. if the helmsman reports, "Rudder is amidship, sir," an officer might respond, "Very good."Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">very well

An affirmative response given by a senior to the report of a junior, e.g. if the helmsman reports, "Rudder is amidship, sir," an officer might respond, "Very well."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">vessel

Any craft designed for transportation on water, such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship]] or boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">vessel of opportunity

A vessel not normally used for a specific function, but available and suitable for temporary application, often requiring temporary fitting or loading of necessary equipment.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">viol

Lua error: not enough memory.

A large rope used to unmoor or heave up the anchor.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">voice pipe

Lua error: not enough memory.

See communication tube.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">voyage

1. A long journey by [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship]].

2. To go on such a journey.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">voyl

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|viol]].Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

W

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">waft

Another name for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|signal flag]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">waist

The central deck of a ship between the forecastle and the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|quarterdeck]].^[50]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">waist clothes

Lua error: not enough memory.

Colored cloths or sheets hung around the outside of a ship's upper works, both fore and aft, and before the cubbridge heads, used as an adornment during ceremonious occasions and as a visual screen during times of action in order to protect the men aboard.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wake

Turbulence in the water behind a moving vessel. Not to be confused with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wash]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wale

A thicker [[#lua error: not enough memory.|strake]], consisting of a wooden plank or group of planks, in the outer skin of the hull, running in a fore-and-aft direction, to provide extra stiffening in selected regions.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wardroom

1. The living quarters of a naval ship that are designated for the use of commissioned officers other than the captain.

2. A collective term for the commissioned officers of a naval ship excluding her captain; e.g. "The captain rarely referred to his wardroom for advice, and this led to their discontent".

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">warm the bell

Royal Navy slang from the Age of Sail for doing something unnecessarily or unjustifiably early. Holding a half-hour [[#lua error: not enough memory.|marine sandglass]] used until the early 19th century to time watches under one's coat or in one's hand to warm it allegedly expanded the glass′s neck to allow the sand to flow more quickly, justifying ringing the bell rung every half-hour to announce the passage of time on watch earlier than if the glass was cold, hence warming the bell and shortening the length of the watch.^[51]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">warp

1. To move a vessel by hauling on a line or cable that is fastened to an anchor or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pier]], especially so as to move a sailing ship through a confined or restricted space such as in a harbour.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. A line or cable used in warping a ship.^[1]

3. The length of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]] from the bolster to the deadeye.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">warship

Also combatant ship, a ship that is built and primarily intended for naval warfare, typically belonging to the armed forces of a state, usually a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|navy]]. Unlike a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|merchant ship]], which carries cargo or passengers, a warship carries only weapons, ammunition, and supplies for its crew. An auxiliary warship is a merchant ship taken into naval service and armed for use as a warship. The term battleship sometimes is used as a synonym for warship, but this is incorrect, as battleship has a far narrower meaning and refers only to a specific type of warship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wash

The waves created by a moving vessel. Not to be confused with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wake]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">washstrakeLua error: not enough memory.

An additional [[#lua error: not enough memory.|strake]] fastened above the level of the gunwale of an open boat to increase the freeboard.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">watch

A period of time during which a part of the crew is on duty. Changes of watch are marked by strokes on the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship's bell]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">watchstanding

Lua error: not enough memory.

The allocation of crew or staff to specific roles on a ship in order to operate it continuously. These assignments, known as [[#lua error: not enough memory.|watches]], are divided into regularly scheduled work periods of several hours or longer to ensure that some portion of the crew is always occupying the roles at all times. Those members of the crew who are on watch at a given time are called watchkeepers.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">water bus

A watercraft used to provide transportation on a scheduled service with multiple stops, usually in an urban environment, analogous to the way a bus operates on land. It differs from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|water taxi]], which is a similar watercraft that provides transport service to various locations on demand rather than on a predetermined schedule, analogous to the way a taxicab operates on land, although in North America these terms are often used interchangeably. A water bus also differs from a ferry, which usually refers to a watercraft that shuttles between only two points.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">water kite

See [[#lua error: not enough memory.|paravane]] (definition 2).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">water taxi

A watercraft used to provide transportation on demand to various locations, usually in an urban environment, analogous to the way a taxicab operates on land. It differs from a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|water bus]], which is a similar watercraft that provides transportation on a scheduled service with multiple stops rather than at the rider's will, analogous to the way a bus operates on land, although in North America these terms are often used interchangeably. A water taxi also differs from a ferry, which usually refers to a watercraft that shuttles between only two points.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">watercraft

Any vessel intended for transportation on water, e.g. [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ships]], boats, personal watercraft, etc.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">waterline

The line where the hull of a ship meets the water's surface.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">watersail

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] hung below the boom on gaff rig boats for extra downwind performance when racing.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">watertender

See fireman (definition 1).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">waterway

1. Any navigable body of water.

2. A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|strake]] of timber laid against the frames or bulwark [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stanchions]] at the margin of a laid wooden deck, usually about twice the thickness of the deck planking.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">way

Speed, progress, or momentum, or more technically, the point at which there is sufficient water flow past a vessel's [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder]] for it to be able to steer the vessel (i.e. when the rudder begins to "bite", sometimes also called "steerage way".) To "make way" is to move; to "have way on" or "to have steerage way" is to have enough speed to control the vessel with its rudder; to "lose way" is to slow down or to not have enough speed to use the rudder effectively. "Way enough" is a coxswain's command that the oarsmen stop rowing and allow the boat to proceed by its existing momentum.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">way-landing

An intermediate stop along the route of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|steamboat]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">way-lay

The verb's origin, from wegelage, means "lying in wait, with evil or hostile intent". So to be waylaid refers to a ship that has been taken off its course, route, or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|way]] by surprise, typically by unfortunate or nefarious means. In Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick, the great white whale waylaid the Pequod and sank it, with only a few souls surviving in lifeboats.^[52]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">waypoint

A location defined by navigational coordinates, especially as part of a planned route.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">ways

The timbers of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shipyard]] stocks that slope into the water and along which a ship or large boat is launched. A ship undergoing construction in a shipyard is said to be on the ways, while a ship scrapped there is said to be broken up in the ways. Also known as a slipway.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wearing ship

[[#lua error: not enough memory.|Tacking]] away from the wind in a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] vessel. See also gybe.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weather deck

A deck that is continually exposed to the weather – usually either the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|main deck]] or, in larger vessels, the upper deck.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weather gageLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

Favorable position over another sailing vessel with respect to the wind.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weather helm

The tendency of a sailboat to turn to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|windward]] in a strong wind when there is no change in the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder]]'s position. This is the opposite of lee helm and is the result of a dynamically unbalanced condition. See also center of lateral resistance.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weather ship

A ship stationed in the ocean as a platform from which to record surface and upper-air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weather side

Lua error: not enough memory.

The side of a ship exposed to the wind, i.e. the side facing upwind or the direction from which the wind is blowing. Contrast lee side.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weatherly

A ship that is easily sailed and maneuvered, or which makes little leeway when sailing to [[#lua error: not enough memory.|windward]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">weigh anchor

To heave up an anchor preparatory to sailing.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">well

A place in the ship's hold for pumps.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">well-found

Properly set up or provisioned.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">West Indiaman

A British term used in the 18th and 19th centuries for any merchant sailing ship making voyages between the Old World and the West Indies or the east coast of the Americas, in contrast to an East Indiaman, which made voyages to the East Indies or South Asia. The term most frequently was applied to British, Danish, Dutch, and French ships.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wet

(of a ship) Prone to taking water over her decks at sea. For example, a ship that tends to take water over her bow can be said to be "wet forward."

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wetted area

In sailboating, the portion of the hull immersed in water (i.e. below the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]]).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whaleback

1. A type of cargo steamship of unusual design formerly used on the Great Lakes of North America, notably for carrying grain or ore. The hull continuously curved above the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|waterline]] from vertical to horizontal, and when the ship was fully loaded, only the rounded portion of her hull (the "whaleback" proper) was visible above the waterline. With sides curved in towards the ends, whalebacks had a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spoon-shaped bow]] and a very convex upper deck.

2. A type of high-speed launch first designed for the Royal Air Force during World War II, or certain smaller rescue and research vessels most common in Europe that, like the Great Lakes vessels, have hulls that curve over to meet the deck, although the "whaleback" designation comes not from the curve along the gunwale as in the Great Lakes vessels, but from the fore-and-aft arch in the deck.

3. A sheltered portion of the forward deck on certain British fishing boats designed, in part, so that water taken over the bow is more easily shed over the sides. The feature has been incorporated into some pleasure craft – aboard which it is known as a whaleback deck – based on the hull design of older whaling boats.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whaleboat

1. A type of open boat that is relatively narrow and pointed at both ends, enabling it to move either forwards or backwards equally well.

2. On modern warships, a relatively light and seaworthy boat used for transport of the ship's crew.

3. A type of vessel designed as a lifeboat or "monomoy" used for recreational and competitive rowing in the San Francisco Bay area and coastal Massachusetts.

4. Informally, any [[#lua error: not enough memory.|whaling ship]] of any size.

5. Informally, any vessel engaged in whale watching.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whaler

1. Also whaling ship. A specialized vessel designed for catching or processing whales.

2. A person engaged in the catching or processing of whales.

3. In the Royal Navy, a Montagu whaler, a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship's boat]] often used as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|seaboat]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wharf

A structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (i.e. mooring locations), and may also include [[#lua error: not enough memory.|piers]], warehouses, or other facilities necessary for handling the ships. The term "wharf" is generally synonymous with [[#lua error: not enough memory.|quay]], although the solid foundations of a quay contrast with the closely spaced piles of a wharf. When "quay" and "wharf" are used as synonyms, the term "quay" is more common in everyday speech in the United Kingdom, many Commonwealth countries, and the Republic of Ireland, while "wharf" is more commonly used in the United States.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wharfage

1. A collective term for docks, [[#lua error: not enough memory.|piers]], [[#lua error: not enough memory.|quays]], and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wharfs]].

2. A collective term for all wharfs in a given port, area, country, region, etc.

3. A fee charged for the use of a wharf.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wheelLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

The usual steering device on larger vessels: a wheel with a horizontal axis, connected by cables to the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rudder]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wheelhouse

Lua error: not enough memory.

The location on a ship where the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|wheel]] is located.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whelkie

A small sailing [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pram]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wherry

A type of boat traditionally used for carrying cargo or passengers on rivers and canals in England, particularly on the River Thames and the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whiff

A chiefly British term for a narrow clinker-built [[#lua error: not enough memory.|skiff]] having [[#lua error: not enough memory.|outriggers]] and designed for one oarsman.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whip

A small single block [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tackle]], used to raise light loads from a hold.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whip upon whip

Connecting two [[#lua error: not enough memory.|whips]] together. This runs more smoothly than using a double block with single block tackle, which would have the equivalent purchase. Can be used for [[#lua error: not enough memory.|topsail]] and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|top-gallant]] halliards.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whipping

The binding with twine of the loose end of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|rope]] to prevent it unravelling.^[1]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whipstaff

A vertical lever connected to a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tiller]], used for steering on larger ships before the development of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|ship's wheel]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whiskers

Spreaders from the bow to spread the bowsprit [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shrouds]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">whiskerstay

One of the pair of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stays]] that stabilize the bowsprit, horizontally affixed to the forward end of the bowsprit and just aft the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stem]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">white horsesLua error: not enough memory.

Lua error: not enough memory.

Foam or spray on wave tops caused by stronger winds (usually above Force 4).

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">White Ensign

A British flag flown as an ensign by certain British ships. Prior to 1864, ships of the Royal Navy′s White Squadron flew it; since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864, it has been flown by all Royal Navy ships and shore establishments, yachts of members of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and ships of Trinity House escorting the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wide berth

To leave room between two ships moored (berthed) in order to allow space for manoeuvring.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">Williamson turn

A type of man overboard rescue turn. Other variations include the Anderson turn, the quick turn, and the Scharnow turn.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">winch

A mechanical device for pulling on a rope (such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sheet]] or halyard), usually equipped with a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|pawl]] to assist in control. It may be hand-operated or powered.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wind-over-tide

Sea conditions in which a tidal current and a wind are moving in opposite directions, leading to short, heavy seas.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">windage

The wind resistance of a boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">windbound

A condition wherein a ship is detained in one particular station by contrary winds.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">winding tackle

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|tackle]] formed of two triple blocks or a triple and a double, used to raise heavy loads such as guns and anchors.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">windjammer

A large iron- or steel-hulled [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] sailing ship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries with three, four, or five [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]], built mainly between the 1870s and 1900 to carry cargo on long voyages.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">windlass

A [[#lua error: not enough memory.|winch]] mechanism, usually with a horizontal axis, designed to move very heavy loads. Used where mechanical advantage greater than that obtainable by block and tackle was needed (such as raising the anchor on small ships).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">windsail

A wide tube or funnel of canvas used to convey a stream of air into the lower compartments of a ship for ventilation.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">windward

In the direction that the wind is coming from. Contrast leeward.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wing

An extension on the side of a vessel, e.g. a bridge wing is an extension of the bridge to both sides, intended to allow bridge personnel a full view to aid in the manoeuvring of the ship.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wiper

The most junior rate among personnel who work in the engine room of a ship, responsible for cleaning the engine spaces and machinery and assisting the engineers as directed. A wiper is often serving an apprenticeship to become an [[#lua error: not enough memory.|oiler]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">working up

Training on a warship to achieve the best possible effectiveness, usually after commissioning or a refit.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">worm, parcel and serve

Lua error: not enough memory.

To apply a multilayered protection against chafing and deterioration to a section of line by laying [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yarns]] to fill in the cuntlines (worming), wrapping marline or other small [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stuff]] around it (serving), and stitching a covering of canvas over all (parcelling).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory. It can be applied to the entire length of a line, such as a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shroud]], or selectively to specific parts of a line, such as over the spliced ends of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stay]], where the chafe on the middle section of the stay precludes complete protection.

File:USCGC Eagle cable preservation sample2.JPG

worming, parcelling and serving]]

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">wrecking tug

Another name for a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|salvage tug]].

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

X

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">xebec

Lua error: not enough memory.

1. A Mediterranean sailing ship, usually employed for trading, that is propelled by a combination of lateen sails and oars and characterized by a distinctive hull with a pronounced overhanging bow and [[#lua error: not enough memory.|stern]]; early xebecs had two [[#lua error: not enough memory.|masts]] and later ones had three.

2. A small, fast [[#lua error: not enough memory.|warship]] of the 16th to 19th centuries similar in design to a trading xebec and used almost exclusively in the Mediterranean Sea. This kind of xebec was slightly smaller than a contemporary frigate and mounted slightly fewer guns.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">xebec-frigate

A European warship that appeared late in the history of the [[#lua error: not enough memory.|xebec]]. It was fully [[#lua error: not enough memory.|square-rigged]] but otherwise designed like an ordinary xebec.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">X.O. (or XO)Lua error: not enough memory.

An abbreviation of executive officer.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

Y

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yacht

Any boat or ship designed specifically for recreational use. The term includes sailing yachts, motor yachts, and steam yachts.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yard

1. A horizontal [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]] from which a square [[#lua error: not enough memory.|sail]] is suspended.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

2. The spar on which a lugsail or Gunter sail is set.^[53]

3. A dockyard or [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shipyard]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yard name

The name initially given to a ship during its construction. The yard name may or may not be the same as the officially registered name, which is provided after completion of the vessel.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yard numberLua error: not enough memory.

The number assigned to a ship built by a particular [[#lua error: not enough memory.|shipyard]]. Each shipyard typically numbers the ships that it has built in consecutive order. One use is to identify the ship before a name has been chosen.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yard tackle

[[#lua error: not enough memory.|Tackle]] used to raise boats.Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yardarm

The very end of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|yard]]. Often mistaken for the yard itself, which refers to the entire [[#lua error: not enough memory.|spar]]. As in to hang "from the yardarm" and the sun being "over the yardarm" (late enough to have a drink).Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yar

(of a vessel, especially a sailing vessel) Quick, agile, and easy to steer, hand, and reef.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yarr

Acknowledgement of an order, or agreement. Also aye, aye.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yaw

A vessel's rotational motion about the vertical axis, causing the fore and aft ends to swing from side to side repetitively.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yawl

1. A fore-and-aft-rigged sailing vessel with two masts, main and mizzen, the mizzen stepped abaft the rudder post.

2. An un-decked boat, often beach-launched, worked under both oar and sail, and generally clinker-built. Used for fishing, serving ships in anchorages, salvage work, etc. Those from the northern parts of Britain tended to be double-ended.^[17]^{: Lua error: not enough memory., [74]}

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yawl boat

A rowboat on davits at the stern of the boat.

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">yeoman

A U.S. Navy enlisted rating (YN) responsible for administrative duties.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

Z

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">zebec

An alternative spelling of [[#lua error: not enough memory.|xebec]].

<dt class="glossary " id="Lua error: not enough memory." style="margin-top: 0.4em;">zulu

A type of Scottish sailboat introduced in 1879, used for fishing. A zulu is carvel-built, with the vertical stem of a fifie and the steeply raked stern of a [[#lua error: not enough memory.|skaffie]]; two masts rigged with three sails (fore, mizzen, and jib); and a longer deck and shorter keel than previous Scottish fishing boats, allowing greater maneuverability. The term "zulu" came from the Zulu War, which the United Kingdom fought in 1879 at the time the zulu was introduced.

Contents: Top	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	References

Notes

↑ However, "to turn turtle" means putting a turtle on its back by grabbing it by the flipper, and conversely is used to refer to a vessel that has turned upside-down, or has cast off its crew.

Lua error: not enough memory.

References

[44] However, "to turn turtle" means putting a turtle on its back by grabbing it by the flipper, and conversely is used to refer to a vessel that has turned upside-down, or has cast off its crew.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[upper-alpha 1]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

See also

Notes

References

Sources