This is a List of Countries With Overseas Military Bases.
Background
The establishment of military bases abroad enables a country to project power, e.g. to conduct expeditionary warfare, and thereby influence events abroad. Depending on their size and infrastructure, they can be used as staging areas or for logistical, communications and intelligence support. Many Conflicts throughout modern history have resulted in overseas military bases being established in large numbers by world powers and the existence of bases abroad has served countries that have then them in achieving political and military goals.
The British Empire and other colonial powers established overseas military bases in many of their colonies during the First and Second World Wars, where useful, and actively sought rights to facilities where needed for strategic reasons. At one time, establishing coaling stations for naval ships was important. During the Cold War, the United States of America and the Soviet Union established Military Bases where they could within their respective spheres of influence, and actively sought influence where needed. More recently, the War on Terror has resulted in overseas military bases being established in the Middle East.
Whilst the overall number of overseas military bases has fallen since 1945, the United States of America, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia and France still possess or utilize a substantial number. Smaller numbers of overseas military bases are operated by China, Iran, Iraq, India, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates.
The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 "named bases"[note 1] with active duty, national guard, reserve, or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel.[1][note 2]
Argentina
Australia
Malaysia – Butterworth Air Base, Malaysia is used for Australia's Commitment to the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA).[3] in addition, the Australian Army Maintains an infantry designated company ( Rifle Company Butterworth) at Butterworth, Malaysia for training purposes.
United Arab Emirates – Al Minhad Air Base, UAE used for Australian Operations in the Middle East.
Bangladesh
Canada
Germany – Created in 2009, the Operational Support Hub (OSH) Europe at the large Köln-Bonn Airport, Germany, is capable of operating on a 24/7 basis to access the full range of European transportation networks.[8]- Template:Country data Jamaica – Created in 2016 as the OSH – Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It served as the in-theatre support platform for CAF members taking part in Exercise TRADEWINDS 2016 in Jamaica. It is capable of providing support to other CAF missions in the region, such as humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. It supports Other Government Departments and Agencies operating in the area, as well as strengthening the relationship between the Canadian Armed Forces and the Jamaican Defence Forces.[8]
Kuwait – OSH – Southwest Asia. Created in 2011 to support Canadian operations in Afghanistan following the loss of Camp Mirage in UAE. The detachment was a transportation point where CAF personnel, materiel, and equipment were transferred between modes of transportation, particularly from air to sea. In 2014, a new agreement with Kuwait was signed to continue supporting personnel, materiel and equipment transiting through Kuwait to and from areas of operation outside of Kuwait. The OSH also supports CAF members and assets present in Kuwait.[8]- Template:Country data Senegal – OSH – West Africa. In Spring of 2018, an Interim Operational Support Hub (IOSH) was established at the Léopold Sédar Senghor (LSS) airport in Dakar, Senegal to support Operation (Op) PRESENCE Task Force Mali. This later became a standing OSH in West Africa. It allows the CAF to project and sustain its military forces rapidly and flexibly, providing support for CAF operations staging in or through West Africa. It ensures operational/tactical level liaison with HN and UN Logistics hub, supporting equipment receipt and customs liaison for other Canadian governmental departments and agencies as well as Canadian defence industries.[8]
China
Djibouti - People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti.[9]- Template:Country data Tajikistan - Military post in southeastern Gorno-Badakhshan.[10]
Pakistan - Naval base at Gwadar.[11]
Cuba - Espionage facility in Havana.[12]- Template:Country data Cambodia - Ream Naval Base[13]
France
- Djibouti – Les forces françaises stationnées à Djibouti (FFDj)[14][15]
- United Arab Emirates – Forces de présence aux Emirats arabes unis[14][15]
- Template:Country data Ivory Coast – Les forces françaises en Côte d'Ivoire (FFCI)[14][15]
- Template:Country data Gabon – Les éléments français au Gabon (EFG)[14][15]
- Template:Country data Senegal – Les éléments français au Sénégal (EFS)[14][15]
- Germany – Franco-German Brigade in Müllheim and a Eurocopter Tiger training center at Faßberg Air Base
- Template:Country data Mauritania – Several facilities in the country
- Template:Country data Chad – N'Djamena Air Force Base
Niger – Niamey Air Force Base- Template:Country data Syria – At least three bases near Kobanî, Sarrin and Ayn Issa[16] as part of Opération Chammal
Iraq – Forces in Baghdad as part of Opération Chammal
Jordan – Prince Hassan Air Base as part of Opération Chammal
Germany
France – Franco-German Brigade in Illkirch-Graffenstaden near Strasbourg and a Eurocopter Tiger training center in Le Cannet-des-Maures
United States - German Liaison Office for Defense Materiel USA/Canada in Reston, Virginia where a segment of the Berlin wall is on display[17][18]
Greece
India
- Template:Country data Tajikistan – India funded the refurbishment of airbases at Farkhor and Western Dushanbe[20][21][22]
- Template:Country data Bhutan – The Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT) permanently stationed in western Bhutan[23]
- Template:Country data Madagascar – A Listening post and a radar facility in northern Madagascar[24]
- Template:Country data Oman – A Listening post at Ras al Hadd and berthing rights for the Indian Navy at Muscat naval base.[25] An establishment at Duqm for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy
- Template:Country data Mauritius – India has been funding the construction of 3000 m long airfield with associated facilities to house troops on Agaléga Island.[26]
- Template:Country data Seychelles – The Indian government supported the construction of a system of six coastal surveillance radars in Mahe, Alphonse, Farquhar, Astove and Assumption Island which are linked to the Indian surveillance system.[27][28][29][30]
Iran
- Template:Country data Syria – A military base near Al-Kiswah,[31] Abu Kamal and several facilities in 3 different governorates.[32]
- Template:Country data Lebanon – A military training facility near Beit Moubarak and several military installations in Beqaa and Beirut Governorate.[33]
Iraq
- Template:Country data Syria – A military base near Aleppo Governorate.[34][35]
- Kuwait – Army Training base in Kuwait City around Hawalli Governorate.[36]
- United States – Iraq Detachment Tucson Arizona, (training base).[37]
Italy
- Djibouti – Base Militare Nazionale di Supporto (BMNS), National Military Support Base.[38]
- Kuwait – Ali Al Salem Air Base[39]
- United States – Sheppard Air Force Base (training base),[40] Eglin Air Force Base (training base)[41]
Japan
Netherlands
- United States – Netherlands Detachment Tucson Arizona (training base)[43]
Overseas Territories:
- Template:Country data Aruba – A squadron of the Netherlands Marine Corps is permanently stationed on Aruba.[44]
- Template:Country data Curaçao – A Royal Netherlands Army detachment permanently stationed in Curaçao. The Royal Netherlands Navy has the logistic support ship Template:HNLMS stationed at Curaçao, often accompanied by a De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate, a Karel Doorman-class frigate or a Holland-class offshore patrol vessel.[44]
New Zealand
Singapore – New Zealand Defence Support Unit
Pakistan
Russia
File:Russia bases world.svg
Countries with Russian military bases, facilities and troops.
- Template:Country data Armenia – 102nd Military Base and 3624th Airbase
- Template:Country data Belarus – Hantsavichy Radar Station, Vileyka naval communication centre
- Template:Country data Georgia – 4th Military Base and 7th Military Base in the occupied regions of disputed South Ossetia and Abkhazia
- Template:Country data Kazakhstan – Balkhash Radar Station, Sary Shagan range, Baikonur Cosmodrome
- Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan – Kant Air Base, 338th naval communication centre, 954th torpedo testing range and a seismograph
- Template:Country data Moldova – a sizeable military force in the unrecognised state of Transnistria. These forces guard Cobasna ammunition depot.[49]
- Template:Country data Syria – Russian naval facility in Tartus, Khmeimim Air Base,[50] Shayrat Air Base
- Template:Country data Tajikistan – 201st Military Base
Ukraine – Sevastopol Naval Base,[51] and other bases in Russian-occupied territories[52]- File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan – Sergei Lavrov planned a Russian Red Sea Fleet Base in Port Sudan,[53] but future uncertain as 2023 Sudan conflict erupts
Saudi Arabia
Bahrain – Saudi Arabian military presence in Bahrain since the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain in 2011 as part of the Peninsula Shield Force - the military arm of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The units sent from Saudi Arabia included 1,000 (1,200)[54] troops along with 150 vehicles. Saudi Arabian soldiers were apparently from the Saudi Arabian National Guard, commanded by a son of King Abdullah, Prince Miteb.[55]- Djibouti – Military base in Djibouti.[56][57][58]
Yemen – Several military bases and facilities in Al Mahrah, Hadhramaut, Ma'rib, Abyan, Al Hudaydah, Taiz governorates.[59]
Singapore
Australia – Flying Training School (No. 130 Squadron) (training base);[60] Oakey Army Aviation Centre (training base)[61]- Template:Country data Brunei – Jalan Aman Camp
- France - Cazaux Air Base
New Zealand – RNZAF Base Ohakea
Taiwan – Hengchun, Douliu, Hukou[62]
Thailand – Sai Yok Camp[63]- United States – Mountain Home Air Force Base (training base);[64] Luke Air Force Base (training base)[65]
Turkey
File:Turkish bases worldwide.svg
Countries with Turkish military bases, facilities and troops.
Albania – 24 troops in Pasha Liman Base, with 2 frigates.[66] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed in 1992 that encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base by Turkey alongside granted access for Turkish use.[67]- Template:Country data Azerbaijan – Buildings and structures in Gizil Sherg military town, and one terminal building located in the airfield in Hacı Zeynalabdin settlement.[68] An observation base was also built by Turkey in the Nagorno-Karabakh region after the 44-day 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The base was established in Aghdam under the name "Ceasefire Observation Center", and officially started to operate in January 2021 with 60 Turkish and Russian soldiers stationed at the base.[69]
- Template:BIH – Under EUROFOR Operation Althea 242 troops, previously under Implementation Force and Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina stationed at Mehmet The Conqueror Barracks.[70][71]
- Iraq – Turkey has signed agreement with Iraq which includes allowing the Turkish army to pursue elements of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in northern Iraq, with the permission of, and in coordination with the Federal Government of Iraq. It also includes opening two liaison offices between Baghdad and Ankara to exchange intelligence and security information between the two countries.[72][73] As of 2020, Turkey has a military base with 2,000 personnel in Bashiqa and Bamarni Air Base garrisoned with around 60 tanks, Armoured personnel carriers and one commando battalion.[74][75] Turkey has more than 40+ military and intelligence bases scattered all around Iraq, the most out of any country.[76] There are plans to build a new base in the Metina area of Duhok governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan Region as of April 2021.[77][78] In total, Turkey has stationed around 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers in Iraq.[79][80]
- Template:Country data Kosovo – An estimated 321 troops serve in the Kosovo Security Battalion command. They are stationed at Sultan Murat base in the city of Prizren for UNMIK mission and KFOR peacekeeping force's.[71][81][82][83]
- Template:Country data Libya – Airbases at al-Watiya, Mitiga and Misrata, in addition to Zwara.[84] The amount of Turkish soldiers stationed in Libya is unknown.[80]
- Template:Country data Cyprus – A total of 35,000 to 40,000 armed forces of Turkey are currently in active duty Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command in the de facto state Northern Cyprus.[80]
- Template:Country data Qatar – A military base in Doha with 5,000 personnel.[85][86][87][88]
- Template:Country data Somalia – Camp TURKSOM with 2,000 personnel.[80]
- Template:Country data Syria – Bases in Al-Bab, Al-Rai, Akhtarin, Afrin, Jindires, Rajo and Jarablus with at least 5,000 personnel in Euphrates Shield and Olive Branch regions. New bases were followed at south of Afrin canton in Atme and Darat Izza[89] There are 114 Turkish bases in Syria as of January 2022.[90] After operation Peace Spring, approximately 6,400 personnel are working around the Peace Spring region between Ras al-Ayn and Tell Abyad. 19 observation points are settled around Idlib and Aleppo Province.[91] Altogether, there are an estimated 10,500 Turkish soldiers and 250 tanks stationed in Turkish occupation of northern Syria. These numbers are constantly subject to modifications.[80]
United Arab Emirates
- Template:Country data Libya – A forward operating base at the Al-Khadim Airport near Marj.[92][93]
- Template:Country data Somaliland – Military base in the Port of Berbera,[94] a unrecognized state.
- Yemen – Partial military base on Socotra and an air base at Perim.[95][96]
United Kingdom
File:United Kingdom military bases worldwide.png
Countries with British military bases, facilities and troops. (incomplete)
- Australia - Pine Gap, HMAS Stirling (from 2027, a British submarine will maintain a rotational presence with an American submarine under the Submarine Rotational Force-West (SRF-W) initiative).[97]
- Template:Country data Ascension Island (UK) – Ascension Island Auxiliary Airfield
- Bahrain – United Kingdom Naval Support Facility in Bahrain (UKNSF)[98][99]
Belize – British Army Training and Support Unit Belize[100]- Template:Country data Brunei – British Forces Brunei: Brunei Garrison[101]
Canada – British Army Training Unit Suffield[102]- Template:Country data Cyprus – British Forces Cyprus Akrotiri and Dhekelia, RAF Troodos
Estonia – UK led Battlegroup in Tapa: NATO Enhanced Forward Presence[103][104]- Germany – British Army Germany: Westfalen Garrison[105]
- Template:Country data Kenya – British Army Training Unit Kenya[106]
- Template:Country data Nepal – British Gurkhas Nepal (Pokhara Camp, Dharan Station)[107][108]
Norway – Bardufoss Air Station[109] and Camp Viking which opened in 2023.[110]- Singapore – British Defence Singapore Support Unit[15][111]
- Template:Country data Qatar – RAF Al Udeid[112]
- Template:Country data Oman – Omani-British Joint Training Area and the UK Joint Logistics Support Base
- United Arab Emirates – Al Minhad Air Base
- United States – MCAS Beaufort (training base),[113][114] Creech Air Force Base,[115][116] Edwards Air Force Base,[117][118] Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay (Trident Facility)[119][120][121]
United States
File:American bases worldwide.svg
Countries with United States military bases, facilities and troops. Some American bases are also NATO-led with forces from multiple countries.
The United States has military bases in 85 countries and territories, i.e. outside its fifty states and District of Columbia.[122] Countries with U.S. bases include:
- Template:Country data Aruba (Netherlands) – Queen Beatrix International Airport
- Template:Country data Ascension Island (UK) – Ascension Island Auxiliary Airfield
- Albania - (a new naval base is under construction) [123][124][125]
- Australia – Pine Gap; Marine Rotational Force – Darwin[126]
- Template:Country data Bahamas – AUTEC
- Bahrain – Naval Support Activity Bahrain; Isa Air Base
Belgium – Chièvres Air Base; Kleine Brogel Air Base- Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina – Camp Eagle
- Template:Country data British Indian Ocean Territory – (United Kingdom) – Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia
Bulgaria – Aitos Logistics Center; Bezmer Air Base; Graf Ignatievo Air Base; Novo Selo Range- Template:Country data Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou Airport[127]
- Template:Country data Cameroon – Contingency Location Garoua
- Cuba – Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Template:Country data Curaçao – (Netherlands) – U.S. Air Force Forward Operating Base
- Djibouti – Camp Lemonnier
- Estonia – Ämari Air Base
- Germany – U.S. Military Installations in Germany; Panzer Kaserne; Ramstein Air Base; Spangdahlem Air Base; Baumholder Army Post; Landstuhl Regional Medical Center; Sembach Army Post;
Greece – Alexandroupoli Army Base, Larisa Air Base, Araxos Air Base, Syros base, Souda Bay Naval Base- Template:Country data Greenland (Denmark) – Pituffik Space Base
- Template:Country data Honduras – Soto Cano Air Base
Hungary – Pápa Air Base
Israel – Dimona Radar Facility(AN/TPY-2 Surveillance Transportable Radar)[128]
Italy – Caserma Ederle-Caserma Del Din; Darby Military Community; Naval Air Station Sigonella; Naval Support Activity Naples; Aviano Air Base
Japan – United States Forces Japan- Jordan – Muwaffaq Salti Air Base
- Template:Country data Kenya – Camp Simba, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences
- Template:Country data Kosovo – Camp Bondsteel
- Kuwait – Ali Al Salem Air Base; Camp Arifjan; Camp Buehring; Kuwait Naval Base
Lithuania - Šiauliai Air Base
Netherlands – Volkel Air Base; USCG Activities Europe- Niger – Niger Air Base 101; Niger Air Base 201
- Norway – Marine Corps garrison at Værnes Air Station
- Template:Country data Oman – RAFO Masirah; RAFO Thumrait (South of Oman) [129]
Peru - Naval Medical Research Unit Six
Philippines – Antonio Bautista Air Base; Basa Air Base; Fort Magsaysay; Lumbia Air Base; Mactan-Benito Ebuen Air Base[130]
Poland – Łask Air Base
Portugal – Lajes Field- Template:Country data Qatar – Al Udeid Air Base
Romania – Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base; Deveselu Military Base
Saudi Arabia – 64th Air Expeditionary Group (inactive since 2014);[131] Prince Sultan Air Base[132]- Template:Country data Seychelles – United States drone base in Seychelles
- Singapore – Paya Lebar Air Base; Changi Naval Base, Sembawang Naval Base
South Korea – United States Forces Korea
Spain – Morón Air Base; Naval Station Rota- Template:Country data Syria – Military base in Al-Tanf and several facilities in northern Syria, within U.S.-backed SDF territory[133]
Tunisia – Drone base at Bizerte-Sidi Ahmed Air Base[134][135]
Turkey – Incirlik Air Base, Izmir Air Station, Kürecik Radar Station, Ankara Support Facility- United Arab Emirates – Al Dhafra Air Base; Port of Jebel Ali; Fujairah Naval Base
United Kingdom – RAF Alconbury; RAF Croughton; RAF Fairford; RAF Lakenheath; RAF Menwith Hill; RAF Mildenhall; RAF Welford
See also
Notes
- ↑ What are here termed "named bases" are the bases listed in section X: "Personnel Data from DMDC", i.e. excluding that table's rows labelled "Other", in the 2015 DoD Base Structure Report.
- ↑ The 2015 U.S. Base Structure Report gives 587 overseas sites, but sites are merely real property at a distinct geographical location, and multiple sites may belong to one installation (page DoD-3). For example, the Garmisch, Germany "named base" with its 72 personnel has eight distinct sites large enough to be listed in the Army's Individual Service Inventory list: Artillery Kaserne, Breitenau Skeet Range, Garmisch Family Housing, Garmish Golf Course, General Abrams Hotel And Disp, Hausberg Ski Area, Oberammergau NATO School, and Sheridan Barracks (listed in Army-15 to Army-17). These range in size from Ramstein AB with 9,188 active, guard/reserve, and civilian personnel down to Worms, which has just one civilian.
References
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- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn's Strategic Hub Archived 2013-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, chathamhouse.org, David Styan, April 2013 ("Having temporarily used US facilities, a Japanese base, situated close to Camp Lemonnier, opened in July 2011. Around 600 members of its Maritime Self-Defence Forces rotate between Japan's naval vessels operating from the port of Djibouti and the camp. Naval units protecting Japanese shipping in the region had operated out of the US base prior to 2011. Japan is reported to pay an annual rent of $30 million for the facilities, similar to the sums paid for either of the far larger US and French bases. This has led to an expansion of Japan's civilian aid programme to Djibouti, which has also become a hub for wider development activities in the Horn by the Japan International Cooperation Agency.")
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Construction begins on new base for the Royal Navy in Bahrain, www.gov.uk, 31 October 2015
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). ("The White Ensign is still flying above the operations of Naval Party 1022 (NP1022), based at Sembawang Wharves in Singapore.")
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ David Vine,The United States of War, University of California Press. p. 2
- ↑ https://amp.dw.com/en/us-constructs-new-special-forces-regional-base-in-albania
- ↑ https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/us-open-special-operations-forces-base-albania
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), officialgazette.gov.ph
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Further reading
- Cooley, A., & Nexon, D. (2013). “The Empire Will Compensate You”: The Structural Dynamics of the U.S. Overseas Basing Network. Perspectives on Politics, 11(4), 1034–1050.
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).