Tetsu Nakamura

Japanese physician (1946–2019)
Tetsu Nakamura cropped 2 Mitsuji Suzuka and Tetsu Nakamura 20161117.jpg

Tetsu Nakamura (中村 哲, Nakamura Tetsu, Pashto: تېڅو ناکامورا), also known as Kaka Murad (Pashto: کاکا مراد, transl. "Uncle Nakamura"), (15 September 1946 – 4 December 2019),[1] was a Japanese physician and honorary Afghan citizen who headed Peace Japan Medical Services (PMS), an aid group known as Peshawar-kai (ペシャワール会) in Japanese.[2]

Nakamura was devoted to building canal projects, from the Kunar River in eastern Afghanistan and was credited with transforming the desert of Gamberi, on the outskirts of Jalalabad, into lush forests and productive wheat farmlands. He also constructed two hospitals and two mosques.[3] In October 2019, Afghan president Ashraf Ghani granted him honorary Afghan citizenship.

On 4 December 2019, as Nakamura was heading to work in his aid vehicle in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, he was assassinated by gunmen along with his bodyguards and driver.[4] On 11 February 2021, sources in Afghanistan and Pakistan claimed that Amir Nawaz (also known as Haji Dubai) was the main suspect in Nakamura's death. Afghan and Pakistani officials claimed that Nawaz was killed in Afghanistan, and that he was a militant commander of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[5][6]

Early life and education

Nakamura was born in Fukuoka, a city in Fukuoka Prefecture on the northern shore of the Japanese island Kyushu. He spent his early childhood in Wakamatsu (in today's Kitakyushu), where both of his parents were born and raised.[7]

Japanese novelist Ashihei Hino (火野葦平, Hino Ashihei) was Nakamura's uncle and worked for the Tamai Group (玉井組, Tamai Gumi), a stevedoring firm owned by Nakamura's maternal grandfather in Wakamatsu. Hino's novel Flowers and Dragons (花と龍, Hana to Ryuu) was adapted into film while Nakamura was in elementary school.[7]

Having previously worked as a subcontractor for the Tamai Group, Nakamura's father launched his own business salvaging sunken ships after World War II.[7]

Following the collapse of his father's business, Nakamura's family moved to Koga City, Fukuoka Prefecturewhen he was age 6; he remained there through the rest of his formal education.[7] In his youth, he studied at Koga Nishi Elementary School,[8][9] Seinan Gakuin Junior High School,[10] and Fukuoka Prefectural Fukuoka High School.[11] Nakamura was baptized by a Christian missionary at the Kasumigaoka Baptist Church while attending junior high school.[12] He graduated from Kyushu University School of Medicine in 1973.[7]

Career

Nakamura's first experience in the Afghanistan/Pakistan border region was in 1978, when he served as a medic for a Fukuoka Climbing Association mountaineering team during an expedition to climb Tirich Mir in western Pakistan.[13] He was drawn there to pursue his love of mountain climbing and his hobby of collecting insects.[14] At the request of Pakistan's Ministry of Tourism, Nakamura provided medical care to residents near the remote mountaineering base, which was located in the vicinity of Peshawar, Pakistan.[13] Nakamura treated many patients suffering from tuberculosis and leprosy, which he attributed to malnutrition and poverty in the area.[13]

With this experience in mind, he returned to Peshawar in 1984 as a volunteer with the Japan Overseas Christian Medical Cooperative Service at the Mission Hospital in Peshawar. He again treated patients with leprosy as well as Afghan refugees who were fleeing the Soviet–Afghan War.[15][16] His wife and young children accompanied him and his children attended an American-funded international school.[7] He initially intended to stay in Peshawar for five to six years.[17]

Although the clinic was focused on leprosy, Nakamura saw that leprosy-prone areas had high incidence of other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, dengue fever, and tuberculosis. In order to provide treatment for patients suffering from other diseases, he began to offer his own medical services independent of the Mission Hospital.[7] In the mid-1990s, the World Health Organization began providing multi drug therapy (MDT) treatment free of cost to leprosy patients in a program originally funded by the Nippon Foundation.[18] While international attention and aid to fight leprosy grew, Nakamura observed the number of Afghan patients with other infectious diseases continuing to increase without similar assistance, prompting him to establish a new hospital and expand his efforts.[7]

Beginning in 1991, Nakamura opened three clinics to provide medical service in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan, where he identified malnutrition as a root cause for the health issues in the region. From then onwards, he broadened the scope of his work into agriculture and irrigation, and focused on building canal projects in eastern Afghanistan.[19]

Starting from 2000, a drought hit the region. A consequence of this drought was the multiplications of diseases due to malnutrition and lack of water. Nakamura stated about this situation: "One irrigation canal will do more good than 100 doctors."[19] He also said: "A hospital treats patients one by one, but this helps an entire village. I love seeing a village that's been brought back to life."[20] Starting from 2003, Nakamura started building an irrigation canal in the Khewa District (Kuz Kunar) of Nangarhar Province, the Marwarid Canal. The canal gets water from the Kunar River, and has a length of 25.5 km.[21] He drew inspiration from the irrigation canals that had been built in his native Fukuoka more than 200 years ago, without the aid of modern equipment.[22]

Nakamura built or restored eight additional canals, irrigating 16,000 hectares and supporting the livelihood of 600,000 people in the Gamberi desert on the outskirts of Jalalabad in Nangarhar Province.[19] He also built eleven dams on the Kunar River.[3] He declared: "Weapons and tanks don't solve problems. The revival of farming is the cornerstone of Afghanistan's recovery."[19]

In Afghanistan, Nakamura risked his life several times. He once narrowly escaped machine-gun fire from a U.S. military helicopter. On another occasion, he rushed to protect levees from a dangerously overflowing river. "I would be happy to die here", he said.[23]

Death

Nakamura was fatally shot in a targeted killing on 4 December 2019 in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. The attackers also killed five others, including his bodyguards and driver.[24] Police said that Nakamura, while sitting in the front passenger seat, was shot with five bullets at close range from above.[25] According to a doctor performing the autopsy, the bullet entered Nakamura's right chest and lodged near the pelvis.[26]

Of the seven to eight assailants, three were armed with fully automatic rifles and other firearms.[26] The assailants were wearing traditional Afghan dress but did not cover their faces. According to an eyewitness: "The armed men drove to a restaurant near the site of the attack in two separate cars. When the vehicle carrying Nakamura approached, the attackers ran up and shot at it from both sides, killing Nakamura's bodyguard first." As one of the gunmen yelled at the witness to stay away from the scene, the witness hid at the restaurant. "When the sound of gunshots subsided, I heard voices trying to determine whether Nakamura and the others were all dead, before a few more shots were fired. 'It's finished, let's go', I heard one of the men say before they fled in their cars", the witness added.[27]

Nakamura remained conscious after the attack and received treatment at a local hospital in Jalalabad, but bled to death at Jalalabad Airport as he was being prepared to be airlifted to a hospital at Bagram Airfield, a U.S. military base located 50 kilometres (30 mi) north of Kabul.[22]

The security camera footage did not capture the actual shooting, but did show the two vehicles used by the assailants. Afghan security officials arrested two men in connection with the license plates of the vehicles identified in the footage.[28]

Funeral procession

On 7 December, a state funeral ceremony was held for Nakamura at Kabul's Hamid Karzai International Airport, during which the Afghan President Ashraf Ghani joined soldiers to carry the coffin wrapped in the Afghan flag towards an airplane. Nakamura's wife, Naoko, and eldest daughter, Akiko, were present at the ceremony in Kabul. President Ghani said: "[Nakamura's] killers will definitely go to hell. The Afghan National Defense and Security Forces will find out the perpetrators and will hand them over to justice".[29]

On 8 December, the airplane carrying Nakamura's body reached Tokyo's Narita International Airport. Nakamura's wife and eldest daughter, as well as the Japanese Senior Vice Foreign Minister Keisuke Suzuki, laid flowers and observed a moment of silence as the body was unloaded from the airplane in Tokyo.[30]

On 11 December, a funeral was held for Nakamura in his hometown Fukuoka, attended by 1,300 mourners. The Afghan flag was laid over the coffin of Nakamura. Portraits of the other five Afghans killed with him were also displayed.[28]

Responsibility

Afghan officials and civil society activists blamed the Taliban insurgent group for the attack.[31] One of Nakamura's Japanese colleagues, Kazuya Ito, who was an agricultural specialist working on the construction of irrigation channels in the Kuz Kunar District of Afghanistan's Nangarhar Province, had previously been abducted and killed by the Taliban militants in 2008 as he was on his way to an irrigation project's site in the area.[32] The Taliban, however, denied involvement in Nakamura's assassination.[33] The Taliban claimed that they had good relations with organisations that contribute to the reconstruction of Afghanistan.[34][35][36]

Provincial authorities in Nangarhar had obtained information about a possible attack on Nakamura about a year before the attack.[37] According to the governor of Nangarhar province, Shah Mahmood Miakhel, Nakamura was cautioned by the provincial government about a plan to abduct or kill him six weeks before the attack. A few days before the attack, another warning was issued to him by the province's security authorities. Although Nakamura did not like being accompanied by security guards, the governor convinced him to the dispatch of four security guards in a separate vehicle for his protection.[38]

Reactions

Nakamura's murder sent "shocks of grief" across Afghanistan and Japan, and drew widespread condemnation.[22]

In Kabul, Nangarhar, Khost and Parwan provinces, as well as in New York and Delhi, candlelight vigils were held for Nakamura.[3][39][40]

In Tokyo, tributes were paid to Nakamura at music concerts.[41]

Afghan government

The Afghan President, Ashraf Ghani, offered his "deepest condolences" to the families of Nakamura and others who were killed in the attack,[31] and called Nakamura's death a big loss to the people of Afghanistan.[42] Ashraf Ghani's spokesman, Sediq Sediqqi, said: "Dr Nakamura dedicated all his life to change the lives of Afghans, working on water management, dams and improving traditional agriculture." The governor of Nangarhar province, Shah Mahmood Miakhel, said: "All the people of Nangarhar were saddened by Dr Nakamura's death and were thankful for the many years he spent helping the people."[43]

In January 2021, Afghan Post issued a commemorative postage stamp of 300 AFN featuring the image of Nakamura.[44]

Japanese government

The Japanese Prime Minister, Shinzō Abe, expressed "shock" over the assassination of Nakamura.[27] He said: "[Nakamura] risked his life in a dangerous environment to do various work, and the people of Afghanistan were very grateful to him."[45] Japanese Empress Masako, in a statement released by the Imperial Household Agency, mourned for the death of Nakamura.[46]

Peshawar-kai

Masaru Murakami, Chairman of Nakamura's aid group Peshawar-kai, said he would continue all the work Nakamura had undertaken.[47] "Nakamura told me how unreasonable it was that we don't offer help to poor people living in mountainous areas who die of treatable diseases," he added.[28] Murakami succeeded Nakamura as the representative of Peshawar-kai in Afghanistan and decided to go to Afghanistan to resume the aid group's projects in the country.[48]

UNAMA

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) tweeted: "UN in Afghanistan condemns and expresses its revulsion at the killing today of respected Japanese aid worker Dr. Tetsu Nakamura in Jalalabad. A senseless act of violence against a man who dedicated much of his life to helping the most vulnerable Afghans."[43]

Awards and decorations

Publications

  • Peshawaru nite: Katai soshite Afugan nanmin. Fukuoka: Sekifusha. 1989
  • Peshawaru kara no hokoku: Genchi iryo genjo de kangaeru. Tokyo: Kawai Booklet. 1990
  • Ten, tomo ni ari: Afghanistan sanjunen no tatakai. Tokyo: NHK Shuppan. 2013
  • Providence Was with Us: How a Japanese Doctor Turned the Afghan Desert Green (First English ed.). Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. 2020. ISBN 978-4-86658-147-7

External links

References

  1. ↑ "Killing of aid group chief Tetsu Nakamura in Afghanistan looked like well-planned hit". The Japan Times. 5 December 2019. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  2. ↑ Peshawar-kai
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Muzhda, Wahid (5 December 2019). "Afghans Hold Vigils for Slain Dr. Nakamura". TOLO News. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  4. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (4 December 2019). "Japanese aid chief among six dead in Afghanistan attack". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  5. ↑ "TTP commander Amir Nawaz killed in Afghanistan". Daily Times. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  6. ↑ "Senior Tehrik-i-Taliban leader 'Haji Dubai' killed in Afghanistan". Khaama Press. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 "【追悼】中村哲医師「ペシャワールに赴任したきっかけは、原始のモンシロチョウを見たから」" (in Japanese). Bungeishunjū. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2021
  8. ↑ "中村哲様のご逝去の報に接し、謹んで哀悼の意を表します" (in Japanese). Koga. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  9. ↑ "中村医師死亡受け母校で黙とう" (in Japanese). NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  10. ↑ "中村哲先生のご逝去を悼んで" (in Japanese). Seinan Gakuin University. 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  11. ↑ "中村医師に福岡でも追悼の声 「多くの人が生き延びられる手立てを」母校で講演". 産経ニュース (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  12. ↑ "中村哲さんへの追悼「誰も行かぬなら私が行く」". Christian Press Japan (in Japanese). 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "医療奉仕にもアタック　ヒマラヤに挑む福岡登高会　薬類持ち遠征へ　パキスタンの中村哲医師応援". 西日本新聞　(Nishinippon Shinbun) (in Japanese). 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021
  14. ↑ "'He Showed Us Life': Japanese Doctor Who Brought Water to Afghans Is Killed". New York Times. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2021
  15. ↑ "Japanese doctor gives 19 years to Afghan people". The Handstand. December 2003. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Sven Saaler; Christopher W. A. Szpilman (16 April 2011). Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, 1920–Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 353–. ISBN 978-1-4422-0601-4
  17. ↑ Nito, Joel (4 December 2019). "Tetsu Nakamura: Japanese doctor who devoted his life to Afghanistan". Japan Today. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019
  18. ↑ "'He Showed Us Life': Japanese Doctor Who Brought Water to Afghans Is Killed". Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Water, Not Weapons – Special Programs – TV Programs – NHK WORLD – English". Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  20. ↑ "Japanese doctor made the Afghan deserts green, until deadly attack". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2017
  21. ↑ "OSRO". osro502.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Ghazi, Zabihullah; Mashal, Mujib; Abed, Fahim (4 December 2019). "'He Showed Us Life': Japanese Doctor Who Brought Water to Afghans Is Killed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019
  23. ↑ "Tetsu Nakamura: Humanitarian who devoted his life to Afghanistan". Nikkei Asian Review. 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  24. ↑ "Tetsu Nakamura: Japanese doctor among six dead in Afghan gun attack". BBC News. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019
  25. ↑ "Nakamura's family, colleagues to arrive in Kabul". NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Afghan police detain 6 men over killing of Japanese doctor". Japan Today. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Killing of aid group chief Tetsu Nakamura in Afghanistan looked like well-planned hit". The Japan Times. 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Funeral held for Nakamura in Fukuoka, 1 week after ambush". The Asahi Shimbun. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  29. ↑ "President Ghani Pays Tribute to Departing Body of Dr. Nakamura". Bakhtar News. 7 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  30. ↑ "Body of doctor Nakamura arrives in Japan after shooting in Afghanistan". Nikkei Asian Review. 8 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Afghans Mourn Slain Japanese Doctor Known as Uncle Murad". Voice of America. 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019
  32. ↑ "Body of Japanese aid worker discovered". The National. 27 August 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  33. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (4 December 2019). "Japanese aid chief among six dead in Afghanistan attack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  34. ↑ Well-known Japanese doctor and humanitarian Tetsu Nakamura gunned down in Afghanistan attack". Japan Times. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019
  35. ↑ Farmer, Ben; Yousafzai, Sami (4 December 2019). "Japanese aid 'hero' shot dead in eastern Afghanistan after four decades of dedication". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  36. ↑ "Afghan police detain six men over killing of Japanese doctor Tetsu Nakamura". Japan Times. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  37. ↑ "Body of Japanese doctor gunned down in Afghanistan arrives in Japan". The Japan Times. 8 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  38. ↑ Norikyo, Masatomo (8 December 2019). "Local authorities told Nakamura of planned attack against him". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  39. ↑ "Nakamura assassination: India mulled over his technique to divert water from Salma dam". WION. 7 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  40. ↑ "Candle ceremony in New York for Nakamura". NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019
  41. ↑ "Candle ceremony in New York for Nakamura". NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019
  42. ↑ "Afghanistan bids farewell to slain Japanese physician". 660 NEWS. 7 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Tetsu Nakamura: Japanese doctor among six dead in Afghan gun attack". BBC News. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  44. ↑ "Afghanistan: Tetsu Nakamura". www.philatelicpursuits.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  45. ↑ "Afghans hold candlelight vigil for slain Japanese aid worker Tetsu Nakamura". WION. 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  46. ↑ Yamaguchi, Mari (9 December 2019). "Japan empress turns 56, still recovering her mental health". WJXT. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 201
  47. ↑ "Group vows to continue Afghan aid as slain doctor's body returns home". Kyodo News. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019
  48. ↑ "NGO head succeeds Nakamura for Afghan projects". NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  49. ↑ "The 2003 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding". rmaf.org.ph. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2007
  50. ↑ "Obituary – Dr. Tetsu Nakamura, Grand Prize laureate of the 24th Fukuoka Prize in 2013". fukuoka-prize.org. 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  51. ↑ "Dr. Nakamura wins Kikuchi Kan Prize !". fukuoka-prize.org. 18 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  52. ↑ "Dr. Tetsu Nakamura and Prof. Augustin Berque Induced into the 8th Earth Hall of Fame Kyoto! !". fukuoka-prize.org. 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019
  53. ↑ "Dr. Tetsu Nakamura Honored the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays !". fukuoka-prize.org. 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019
  54. ↑ 中村哲氏アフガンで勲章　ガニ大統領「用水路建設が復興の鍵」 Archived 28 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine西日本新聞 (in Japanese).
  55. ↑ "中村医師に名誉市民権 アフガン政府、灌漑支援を評価". The Nikkei (in Japanese). 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  56. ↑ "Press Release 故・中村 哲 医師、新種昆虫の学名に" (in Japanese). 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021
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